Morphology, composition, and structure of carbon deposits from diesel and biomass oil/diesel blends on a pintle-type fuel injector nozzle

Wo, Hengzhou; Dearn, Karl D.; Song, Ruhong; Hu, Enzhu; Xu, Yufu; Hu, Xianguo

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2015.07.003

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is surmised that under the lubricant starvation condition, only diesel molecules but not a continuous liquid film is present on the ring surface . With respect to the sliding with the supply of adequate diesel, a continuous diesel film was present on the ring surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is surmised that under the lubricant starvation condition, only diesel molecules but not a continuous liquid film is present on the ring surface. 31 With respect to the sliding with the supply of adequate diesel, a continuous diesel film was present on the ring surface. The minimal film thickness (h min ) of the diesel film was 157 nm as calculated using the Hamrock-Dowson equation 3,32 and accordingly the lambda ratio (λ) was 0.77.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraordinarily Low Friction and Wear of Epoxy-Metal Sliding Pairs Lubricated with Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Guo

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Utilization of ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) having intrinsically low lubricity has been mandated in more and more countries for meeting increasingly stringent emission regulations. Our work demonstrated that epoxy hybrid nanocomposites, reinforced with carbon fibers and Al 2 O 3 or AlN nanoparticles, offered extraordinarily low friction and wear when lubricated with ULSD. More interestingly, when sliding took place under lubricant starvation conditions, almost no wear took place thanks to the formation of a nanostructured tribofilm. We investigated comprehensively heat and stress activated physical and chemical actions occurring at friction interfaces. It was revealed that the lubricious and robust tribofilm grew while complex molecular species released from the nanocomposites were fed constantly onto the contact zone. The present work paved a route for tuning interface nanostructures of large numbers of motion components subjected to harsh lubrication conditions toward extremely high energy efficiency and long lifespan.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraordinarily Low Friction and Wear of Epoxy-Metal Sliding Pairs Lubricated with Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Guo

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in addition to other techniques. Research in the area continues today [24]. The introduction of legislation driven Ultra Low Sulfur diesel (ULSD) in the US and Europe in 2005-2006, and biodiesel along with the rise in the use of common rail injection systems saw initially problems with blocked fuel filters then injector problems such as no start and drivability issues.…”

Section: Excerpts From History: Analytical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations of Diesel Injector Deposits Characterization and Testing

Barker¹,

Reid²,

Wilmot³

et al. 2020

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Over the last decade, there has been an impetus in the automobile industry to develop new diesel injector systems, driven by a desire to reduce fuel consumption and proscribed by the requirement to fulfil legislation emissions. The modern common-rail diesel injector system has been developed by the industry to fulfil these aspirations, designed with ever-higher tolerances pressures, which have led to concomitant increases in fuel temperatures after compression with reports of fuel temperatures of ~150°C at 1500-2500 bar. This engineering solution in combination with the introduction of Ultra Low Sulphur diesel fuel (ULSD) has been found to be highly sensitive to deposit formation both external injector deposits (EDID) and internal (IDID). The deposits have caused concerns for customers with poor spray patterns misfiring injector malfunction and failure producing increased fuel consumption and emissions. The importance to the industry of understanding the nature of diesel injector deposits has led to significant research in this area with a number of industry tests being developed. However, the introduction of new generation fuels e.g. hydrogenated vegetable Oil (HVO) and the reports of injector problems such as "abrasive particles" in Europe continue to stimulate investigation. The interest in characterizing diesel injector deposits has also seen a number of recent contributions being published. Many of these reports describe analyses that either consider only the surface of deposits or use methods which destroy any provenance. In this paper, we will describe the latest data from the deployment of modern analytical techniques to characterize these deposits. As a further contribution to the understanding of diesel injector deposits, this paper will describe the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in conjunction with Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to determine trends in IDID chemistries worldwide. The application of the ToF-SIMS technique to EIDS will be described. The latest industry standard engine tests will be discussed with regard to the chemistries involved and the latest advances in the application of a new generation of deposit control additives (DCA) will be described.

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“…The commonly used method to test the oxidation activity is thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the physicochemical properties of diesel PM [16][17][18][19][20] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation Activity Restoration of Diesel Particulate Matter by Aging in Air

Gao

Tian

et al. 2018

Energy Fuels

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Diesel particulate matter (PM) was collected at different tailpipe positions where the sampling temperature was different. The PM samples were pre-treated in air at high temperature until 40% mass loss. Then, the partially oxidized PM samples were aged in air for 40 days, and the physicochemical properties of partially oxidized PM before and after aging in air were tested. The results showed that the oxidation activity of partially oxidized PM was appreciably restored by aging in air. The morphology, diameter distribution of primary particles and nanostructures of partially oxidized PM changed slightly after aging in air. The amorphous carbon adsorbing on PM surface were faintly observed through high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images. The adsorption of oxygen-containing functional groups (carbonyl and hydroxy) and organic compounds were evidenced through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman parameter A D3 /A G. The crystallite size calculated using Raman parameter decreased slightly after aging in air.

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Morphology, composition, and structure of carbon deposits from diesel and biomass oil/diesel blends on a pintle-type fuel injector nozzle

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Extraordinarily Low Friction and Wear of Epoxy-Metal Sliding Pairs Lubricated with Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Extraordinarily Low Friction and Wear of Epoxy-Metal Sliding Pairs Lubricated with Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Investigations of Diesel Injector Deposits Characterization and Testing

Oxidation Activity Restoration of Diesel Particulate Matter by Aging in Air

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