Morphology and properties of nickel plate deposited in the presence of butynediol

The Internal Stress in Ni, NiFe , CoFe , and CoNi Layers Measured by the Bent Strip Method

“…Similar results were obtained earlier using the dilatometric method for measuring IS; however, these results were for higher butynediol concentrations (0.3 g/liter) and different deposition conditions (15). The increase of stress in the presence of butynediol can be attributed to the combined effect of three factors, namely, (i) a reduced grain size (28,29), (ii) enhanced hydrogenation of the coatings (30), and (iii) lateral growth of the crystallites (31).…”

The Internal Stress in Ni, NiFe , CoFe , and CoNi Layers Measured by the Bent Strip Method

“…Similar results were obtained earlier using the dilatometric method for measuring IS; however, these results were for higher butynediol concentrations (0.3 g/liter) and different deposition conditions (15). The increase of stress in the presence of butynediol can be attributed to the combined effect of three factors, namely, (i) a reduced grain size (28,29), (ii) enhanced hydrogenation of the coatings (30), and (iii) lateral growth of the crystallites (31).…”

Bismuth Electrochromic Device with High Paper-Like Quality and High Performances

“…A 0.33 g sample of bismuthyl perchlorate monohydrate (Mitsuwa Chemicals Co., >99.0%), which is an electrochromic material, 0.18 g of copper perchlorate (II) hexahydrate (Kanto Chemical Co., >99.0%), 0.34 g of the perchloric acid 60 wt % solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industries), 0.29 g of sodium perchlorate monohydrate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, 98>%), 0.28 g of hydroquinone, and 0.009 g of 2-buthyne-1,4-diol (leveling agent) , were added to 17 g of extrapure water. A homogeneous transparent electrolyte was prepared by stirring this mixture for 10 min at room temperature.…”

The Effect of Surfactant Content over Cu-Ni Coatings Electroplated by the sc-CO2 Technique

“…Atanassov et al [9] studied the effect of butynediol over Ni coatings. 1,4-butynediol contain hydroxyl groups, OH, which can act as a base towards H + ions, reacting with them in solution, allowing the cathode to produce a negative shift in potential.…”

“…1,4-butynediol is an additive frequently used to obtain metal deposits with fine grains, bright surfaces, and it provides a levelling effect under the Watt’s bath electrolyte process [ 8 ]. Atanassov et al [ 9 ] studied the effect of butynediol over Ni coatings. 1,4-butynediol contain hydroxyl groups, OH, which can act as a base towards H + ions, reacting with them in solution, allowing the cathode to produce a negative shift in potential.…”

The Internal Stress in Ni, NiFe , CoFe , and CoNi Layers Measured by the Bent Strip Method

“…Similar results were obtained earlier using the dilatometric method for measuring IS; however, these results were for higher butynediol concentrations (0.3 g/liter) and different deposition conditions (15). The increase of stress in the presence of butynediol can be attributed to the combined effect of three factors, namely, (i) a reduced grain size (28,29), (ii) enhanced hydrogenation of the coatings (30), and (iii) lateral growth of the crystallites (31).…”

Bismuth Electrochromic Device with High Paper-Like Quality and High Performances

“…A 0.33 g sample of bismuthyl perchlorate monohydrate (Mitsuwa Chemicals Co., >99.0%), which is an electrochromic material, 0.18 g of copper perchlorate (II) hexahydrate (Kanto Chemical Co., >99.0%), 0.34 g of the perchloric acid 60 wt % solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industries), 0.29 g of sodium perchlorate monohydrate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, 98>%), 0.28 g of hydroquinone, and 0.009 g of 2-buthyne-1,4-diol (leveling agent) , were added to 17 g of extrapure water. A homogeneous transparent electrolyte was prepared by stirring this mixture for 10 min at room temperature.…”

The Effect of Surfactant Content over Cu-Ni Coatings Electroplated by the sc-CO2 Technique

“…Atanassov et al [9] studied the effect of butynediol over Ni coatings. 1,4-butynediol contain hydroxyl groups, OH, which can act as a base towards H + ions, reacting with them in solution, allowing the cathode to produce a negative shift in potential.…”

“…1,4-butynediol is an additive frequently used to obtain metal deposits with fine grains, bright surfaces, and it provides a levelling effect under the Watt’s bath electrolyte process [ 8 ]. Atanassov et al [ 9 ] studied the effect of butynediol over Ni coatings. 1,4-butynediol contain hydroxyl groups, OH, which can act as a base towards H + ions, reacting with them in solution, allowing the cathode to produce a negative shift in potential.…”

The Internal Stress in Ni, NiFe , CoFe , and CoNi Layers Measured by the Bent Strip Method

“…Similar results were obtained earlier using the dilatometric method for measuring IS; however, these results were for higher butynediol concentrations (0.3 g/liter) and different deposition conditions (15). The increase of stress in the presence of butynediol can be attributed to the combined effect of three factors, namely, (i) a reduced grain size (28,29), (ii) enhanced hydrogenation of the coatings (30), and (iii) lateral growth of the crystallites (31).…”

Bismuth Electrochromic Device with High Paper-Like Quality and High Performances

“…A 0.33 g sample of bismuthyl perchlorate monohydrate (Mitsuwa Chemicals Co., >99.0%), which is an electrochromic material, 0.18 g of copper perchlorate (II) hexahydrate (Kanto Chemical Co., >99.0%), 0.34 g of the perchloric acid 60 wt % solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industries), 0.29 g of sodium perchlorate monohydrate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, 98>%), 0.28 g of hydroquinone, and 0.009 g of 2-buthyne-1,4-diol (leveling agent) , were added to 17 g of extrapure water. A homogeneous transparent electrolyte was prepared by stirring this mixture for 10 min at room temperature.…”

The Effect of Surfactant Content over Cu-Ni Coatings Electroplated by the sc-CO2 Technique

“…Atanassov et al [9] studied the effect of butynediol over Ni coatings. 1,4-butynediol contain hydroxyl groups, OH, which can act as a base towards H + ions, reacting with them in solution, allowing the cathode to produce a negative shift in potential.…”

“…1,4-butynediol is an additive frequently used to obtain metal deposits with fine grains, bright surfaces, and it provides a levelling effect under the Watt’s bath electrolyte process [ 8 ]. Atanassov et al [ 9 ] studied the effect of butynediol over Ni coatings. 1,4-butynediol contain hydroxyl groups, OH, which can act as a base towards H + ions, reacting with them in solution, allowing the cathode to produce a negative shift in potential.…”