Morphology and hydrology of a glacial stream -- White River, Mount Rainier, Washington

Fahnestock, Robert K.

doi:10.3133/pp422a

Cited by 166 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Suspendedsediment samples were taken using the technique of 0,trem ([CI97S] ), but with additional cross-stream samples characterizing lateral variation in different flow .regimes. Water-flux measurements were made with a Price current meter and sounding rod, using the technique of Fahnestock (1963) . Mean water velocities were computed as 0.6 times surface velocities (Fahnestock, 1963), mainly to reduce equipment damage from bed-load collisions during summer.…”

Section: Methods Of Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water-flux measurements were made with a Price current meter and sounding rod, using the technique of Fahnestock (1963) . Mean water velocities were computed as 0.6 times surface velocities (Fahnestock, 1963), mainly to reduce equipment damage from bed-load collisions during summer.…”

Section: Methods Of Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous workers have attempted to estimate the annual mass subglacially abraded by the indirect method of sampling suspended sediment and bed load in streams emerging from glacier termini (Klaeboe, 1951;Fahnestock, 1963;Arnborg and others, 1967;0strem, [CI97SJ;Collins, 1979). Many assumptions are involved in extrapolating these measurements to give a figure for annual mass subglacially abraded; evaluation of their validity is attempted in the present study.…”

Section: Subglacial Abrasion Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Less snow was available for run-off. During a similarly dry year (1959), Fahnestock (1963) thought that substantial melt from the upper reaches of Mount Rainier was the cause of observed increases in water and sediment flux from Emmons Glacier, compared to the previous summer. If this was the case in the present study, the measured fluxes are greater than in "normal precipitation" years.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Dissipation During Subglacial Abrasion at Nisqually Glacier, Washington, U.S.A.

Metcalf

1979

J. Glaciol.

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ABSTRACT. This stud y examines the effect of subglacial abrasion on the basal sliding term of the gravitational energy balance of the dynamic, temperate Nisqually Glacier on Mount Raini er, Washington, U .S.A. Subglacial water flux is estimated as 3 X 10 7 m' a -I and suspended sediment flux as 3 X 10 7 kg a-I. Suspendedsediment flux is assumed to represent, within an o rder of magnitude, the annual mass eroded by subglacial a brasion.Subglacial abrasion involves both brittle fracture and plastic deformation. Field observations of basrelief and grooved depression striations appear to have exact counterparts in rock mechanics experiments a pproximating subglacial velocities and normal stresses. Boulton's ([CI974]) abrasion model and a new attritivity model proposed h erein are shown to predict subgl acial a brasion-rates within the limits of natural variability and the error range of measurements. The first crude gravitational energy balance for lower Nisqually Glacier (1.96 km' ) is attem pted and probably has only order-of-magnitude accuracy. The importance of subgl acial abrasion in dissipating basal sliding energy a t Nisqually Glacier is confirmed. RESUME. Dissipation d't!tzergie par l'abrasioll sous-glaciaire au ZUSAMM ENFASSUNG . Energieverbrauch bei der subglazialen Abrasion am Nisqually Glacier, Washington, U.S.A.Diese Studie untersucht die Auswirkung d er subglazialen Abrasion auf den Gl!,!itanteil an der Bila nz der Gravitationsenergie des bewegten, temperierten Nisqually Glacier a m Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A. D er subgl az iale Wasserfluss betragt schatzungsweise 3 X 10 7 m' pro Jahr, der Gehalt an suspendierten Sedimenten 3 X 10 7 kg pro Jahr. Letzterer durfte innerhalb e iner Grossenordnung die von der subglaz ialen Abrasion pro Jahr erodierte Masse darstellen.Subglaziale Abrasion schliesst sowohl sproden Bruch wie plastische Deformation ein. Aus Feldbeobachtungen von K erbreliefs und geriefelten Schrammen wird ersichtlich, dass sie genaue Gegenstucke in felsmechanischen V ersuchen haben, die annahernd unter subglazialen Geschwindigkeiten und Normalspannungen stattfinden. Es wird gezeigt, d ass Boulton ([c I974] ) Abrasionsmodell und ein neues, hier vorgeschlagenes Verschleissmodell die subglazialen Abrasionsraten innerhalb der naturlichen Schwankungsgrenzen und der Beobachtungsgenauigkeit zu berechnen gestatten . Eine erste, rohe Bilanz der Gravitationsenergie fur den unteren Nisqually Glacier ( 1,96 km') wind aufgestellt; sie halt sich vermutlich nur innerhalb der ri chtigen Grossenordnung. Die Bedeutung subglazialer Abrasion fUr den Aufbrauch der Gleitenergie am Untergrund bestatigt si ch fur den Nisqually Glacier.

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Section: Methods Of Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Of Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subglacial Abrasion Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Dissipation During Subglacial Abrasion at Nisqually Glacier, Washington, U.S.A.

Metcalf

1979

J. Glaciol.

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“…We can easily show that if all elements are free to vary and have the same probability, m=/=6=%. The continuously reforming streams on the valley train beneath Emmons Glacier on Mount Rainier, Wash., are representative (Fahnestock, 1963).…”

Section: And S Q and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavior of straight open channels with movable beds

Maddock¹

1969

Professional Paper

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Using repeat lidar to estimate sediment transport in a steep stream

Anderson

Pitlick

2014

J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.

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Sediment fluxes in steep mountain streams remain difficult to quantify, despite their importance in geomorphology, ecology, and hazard analysis. In this work, aerial lidar surveys, acquired in 2002, 2008, and 2012, are used to quantify such fluxes in Tahoma Creek, a proglacial stream on Mount Rainier, Washington. As these surveys encompass all coarse sediment sources in the basin, we are able to translate geomorphic change into total bed material transport volumes for the time steps between surveys. By assuming that the relationship between daily sediment transport and daily mean discharge is of the form Qs=a(Q−Qc)b, our two observed total loads and estimates of daily mean discharge allow us to numerically solve for values of a and b to create a bed material sediment rating curve. Comparisons of our transport estimates with sediment deposition in a downstream reservoir indicate that our transport estimates and derived rating curve are reasonable. The method we present thus represents a plausible means of estimating transport rates in energetic settings or during extreme events, applicable whenever at least two cumulative sediment loads and the driving hydrology are known. We use these results to assess the performance of several bed load transport equations. The equations generally overpredict transport at low to moderate flows but significantly underpredict transport rates during an extreme event. Using a critical shear stress value appropriate for steep streams improves agreement at lower flows, whereas a shear‐partitioning technique accounting for form drag losses significantly underpredicts transport at all flows.

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Morphology and hydrology of a glacial stream -- White River, Mount Rainier, Washington

Cited by 166 publications

References 14 publications

Energy Dissipation During Subglacial Abrasion at Nisqually Glacier, Washington, U.S.A.

Energy Dissipation During Subglacial Abrasion at Nisqually Glacier, Washington, U.S.A.

The behavior of straight open channels with movable beds

Using repeat lidar to estimate sediment transport in a steep stream

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