“…Such areas offer favourable conditions, as costs during construction are lower due to reduced logistical effort and less materials for foundations and submarine cables to be used (Kim et al, 2018). However, These areas are often characterised by intensive multiple use by different stakeholders and purposes that mix socio-economic and environmental interests such as fishing, aquaculture, shipping routes, recreational spaces, populated coastal areas, cultural heritage or nature conservation areas (Kim et al, 2018;Russell and Firestone, 2022;Gusatu et al, 2020;Virtanen et al, 2022). Embedding offshore wind energy sites in these already diverse and existing multiple uses of coastal areas poses major planning challenges (Guşatu et al, 2021;Virtanen et al, 2022).…”