More than a colour change: insect melanism, disease resistance and fecundity

Dubovskiy, Ivan M.; Whitten, Miranda M. A.; Kryukov, V. Yu.; Yaroslavtseva, O. N.; Grizanova, Ekaterina V.; Greig, Carolyn; Mukherjee, Krishnendu; Vilcinskas, Andreas; Mitkovets, P. V.; Глупов, В. В.; Butt, Tariq M.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0584

Cited by 148 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Some studies reported a possible positive correlation between melanisation, PO activity, and tolerance to parasites and pathogens such as B. bassiana and M. anisopliae [59,60]. In our electron microscopy studies of the head region, we found that infection of M. brunneum blastospores triggers a melanisation response by Cx.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents of mosquitoes. Our group observed that not all mosquitoes were equally susceptible to fungal infection and observed significant differences in virulence of different spore types. Conidiospores and blastospores were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Blastospores are normally considered more virulent than conidia as they form germ tubes and penetrate the host integument more rapidly than conidia. However, when tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus, blastospores were less virulent than conidia. This host-fungus interaction was studied by optical, electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, host immune responses and specific gene expression were investigated. Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores did not readily adhere to Culex larval integument and the main route of infection was through the gut. Adhesion forces between blastospores and Culex cuticle were significantly lower than for other insects. Larvae challenged with blastospores showed enhanced immune responses, with increased levels of phenoloxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase activity. Interestingly, M. brunneum pathogenicity/stress-related genes were all down-regulated in blastospores exposed to Culex. Conversely, when conidia were exposed to Culex, the pathogenicity genes involved in adhesion or cuticle degradation were up-regulated. Delayed host mortality following blastospore infection of Culex was probably due to lower adhesion rates of blastospores to the cuticle and enhanced host immune responses deployed to counter infection. The results here show that subtle differences in host-pathogen interactions can be responsible for significant changes in virulence when comparing mosquito species, having important consequences for biological control strategies and the understanding of pathogenicity processes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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“…The initial constitutive response may be the immune response that is the most important for survival (e.g. Lochmiller and Deerenberg, 2000;Dubovskiy et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfiguration of the immune system network during food limitation in the caterpillarManduca sexta

Adamo

Davies

Easy

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Dwindling resources might be expected to induce a gradual decline in immune function. However, food limitation has complex and seemingly paradoxical effects on the immune system. Examining these changes from an immune system network perspective may help illuminate the purpose of these fluctuations. We found that food limitation lowered long-term (i.e. lipid) and short-term (i.e. sugars) energy stores in the caterpillar Manduca sexta. Food limitation also: altered immune gene expression, changed the activity of key immune enzymes, depressed the concentration of a major antioxidant (glutathione), reduced resistance to oxidative stress, reduced resistance to bacteria (Grampositive and -negative bacteria) but appeared to have less effect on resistance to a fungus. These results provide evidence that food limitation led to a restructuring of the immune system network. In severely food-limited caterpillars, some immune functions were enhanced. As resources dwindled within the caterpillar, the immune response shifted its emphasis away from inducible immune defenses (i.e. those responses that are activated during an immune challenge) and increased emphasis on constitutive defenses (i.e. immune components that are produced consistently). We also found changes suggesting that the activation threshold for some immune responses (e.g. phenoloxidase) was lowered. Changes in the configuration of the immune system network will lead to different immunological strengths and vulnerabilities for the organism.

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“…Insect melanin New Journal of Science 7 is not just and ornament. In birds and insects, it is used the term "melanism," which is a costly mechanism enabling the protective trait in natural selection and it constitutes more than just a color change in the polymorphisms of a number of insect species [88,89]. Insect melanogenesis is also considered as a process related to the insect innate immunity [90,91] and insect hemostasis [92].…”

Section: Animal Melaninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

Solano

2014

New Journal of Science

429

431

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This review presents a general view of all types of melanin in all types of organisms. Melanin is frequently considered just an animal cutaneous pigment and is treated separately from similar fungal or bacterial pigments. Similarities concerning the phenol precursors and common patterns in the formation routes are discussed. All melanins are formed in a first enzymatically-controlled phase, generally a phenolase, and a second phase characterized by an uncontrolled polymerization of the oxidized intermediates. In that second phase, quinones derived from phenol oxidation play a crucial role. Concerning functions, all melanins show a common feature, a protective role, but they are not merely photoprotective pigments against UV sunlight. In pathogenic microorganisms, melanization becomes a virulence factor since melanin protects microbial cells from defense mechanisms in the infected host. In turn, some melanins are formed in tissues where sunlight radiation is not a potential threat. Then, their redox, metal chelating, or free radical scavenging properties are more important than light absorption capacity. These pigments sometimes behave as a doubleedged sword, and inhibition of melanogenesis is desirable in different cells. Melanin biochemistry is an active field of research from dermatological, biomedical, cosmetical, and microbiological points of view, as well as fruit technology.

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More than a colour change: insect melanism, disease resistance and fecundity

Cited by 148 publications

References 42 publications

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Reconfiguration of the immune system network during food limitation in the caterpillarManduca sexta

Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

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