Mood Symptoms, Suicide, and Associated Factors Among Jimma Community. A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: The global burden of mental health problems is high and is predicted to rise. At present, mood symptoms are the foremost common psychological problems worldwide, yet little is known regarding their magnitude and associated factors in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of anxiety, depressive, manic symptoms, and suicidal behavior among the rural Jimma community, Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based quantitative cross-sectional survey was employed on 423 households selected through systematic random sampling. An adapted version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview tool was used for the structured face-to-face interview. The collected data were checked for completeness, coded, and inserted into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Variables with P < g0.05 and odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] on multivariate logistic regression analysis were considered as factors associated with the outcome variable.Results: Overall, 185 (44.0%), 55 (13.1%), 44 (10.5%), and 23 (5.5%) of the respondents had anxiety, depressive, manic symptom, and suicide behavior, respectively. The odds of having anxiety symptoms were nearly 5 times higher among those who had perceived discrimination and racism experience compared to their counterpart [adjusted OR (AOR), 5.02; 95% CI, 1.90–13.26]. Likewise, recently bereaved participants had 4-fold higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms (AOR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4–10.4) than the non-bereaved ones. Furthermore, respondents who had depressive symptoms were almost four and a half times more likely to have manic symptoms compared to those who did not (AOR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.71–11.02).Conclusion: Anxiety, depressive, manic symptoms, and suicidal behavior were prevalent in the community and positively associated with multiple psychosocial factors. Implementing accessible and affordable community-based mental health services is recommended to mitigate the problems.

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among the General Population in Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Highly protective behavior (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.5–3.3) and perceived risk behavior (OR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.5–12.4) predict higher anxiety among the general population ( 42 ) but not among healthcare professionals ( 58 ). Displacement due to conflict ( 80 ), lack of emotional support from family or society ( 46 , 66 , 79 , 97 ), and experiencing discrimination or racism (AOR = 5.02, 95% CI: 1.90–13.26) ( 84 ) were significantly associated with COVID-19 related anxiety. Reading or watching COVID-19 related news via media or internet sources was associated with increased anxiety ( 27 , 43 , 45 , 46 ).…”

“…Depression scores were significantly correlated with overall anxiety ( 14 , 35 , 40 , 50 ) and sleeplessness ( 14 , 54 ). Overall depression was significantly associated with symptoms of mania (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.71–11.02) ( 84 ) and Fear of Covid scores ( r = 0.5, p < 0.001) ( 77 ). Depression-related symptoms included reports of boredom ( 94 ), poor mood ( 82 ), loneliness ( 91 ), loss of interest ( 101 ), total emotional exhaustion ( 77 , 78 ) and suicidal ideation or behavior ( 71 , 84 ) ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Similarly, nurses who received negative feedback from their families (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.27–3.79) and a lack of COVID-19 management guidelines (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.21–4.21) were more likely to experience depression ( 51 ). Depression was associated with a history of other medical conditions or chronic disease ( 32 , 44 – 46 , 49 , 63 , 94 ), flu-like symptoms ( 29 ), fear of death ( 76 ), the recent death of a loved one ( 84 ), quarantine or home stay ( 29 , 43 , 44 ) and poor social support among students ( 35 , 44 , 46 ) and chronic medical patients ( 79 ). Reading or watching COVID-19 related news via media or internet sources was associated with increased depression ( 43 , 45 , 97 ).…”

Depression and associated factors in adolescent high school pupils in Hossana, central Ethiopia

“…Twenty one percent of the South African orphaned adolescents in secondary school had depressive symptoms (11), Ethiopian health survey indicated that the prevalence of depressive episode among adults is 9.1% (12). In Addis Ababa 36.4% (13), Tesfaye et al in Jimma found 13.1% among community (14), 36.2% in Aksum Tigray (15) and 28% of adolescents in Jimma were having depressive symptoms (16).…”