Abstract:This study investigated the encoding of syllable boundary information during speech production in Dutch. Based on LeveltÕs model of phonological encoding, we hypothesized segments and syllable boundaries to be encoded in an incremental way. In a selfmonitoring experiment, decisions about the syllable affiliation (first or second syllable) of a pre-specified consonant, which was the third phoneme in a word, were required (e.g., ka.No ÔcanoeÕ vs. kaN.sel ÔpulpitÕ; capital letters indicate pivotal consonants, dot… Show more
“…Therefore, participants might have pressed the YESbutton to all pictures they were familiar with and the NO-button to everything else, whether real object or not (i.e., there was no need to identify the objects). To show that this was not the case we refer to an object/non-object identification experiment that was done as a control experiment in another study (Jansma & Schiller, 2004). In that study, participants were once exposed to a set of existing objects and non-objects.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(The pictures of objects and non-objects used in the current experiment formed a subset of the materials used in the Jansma and Schiller study.) Participants were then required to make the object/non-object decision, and it turned out that even under circumstances in which participants did not have prior practice with the pictures there was no difference in RTs between pictures corresponding to picture names with first syllable stress and those with second syllable stress (see Jansma & Schiller, 2004, for details).…”
This study investigated the monitoring of metrical stress information in internally generated speech. In Experiment 1, Dutch participants were asked to judge whether bisyllabic picture names had initial or final stress. Results showed significantly faster decision times for initially stressed targets (e.g., KAno ‘‘canoe’’) than for targets with final stress (e.g., kaNON ‘‘cannon’’; capital letters indicate stressed syllables). It was demonstrated that monitoring latencies are not a function of the picture naming or object recognition latencies to the same pictures. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated the outcome of the first experiment with trisyllabic picture names. These results are similar to the findings of Wheeldon and Levelt (1995) in a segment monitoring task. The outcome might be interpreted to demonstrate that phonological encoding in speech production is a rightward incremental process. Alternatively, the data might reflect the sequential nature of a perceptual mechanism used to monitor lexical stress
“…Therefore, participants might have pressed the YESbutton to all pictures they were familiar with and the NO-button to everything else, whether real object or not (i.e., there was no need to identify the objects). To show that this was not the case we refer to an object/non-object identification experiment that was done as a control experiment in another study (Jansma & Schiller, 2004). In that study, participants were once exposed to a set of existing objects and non-objects.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(The pictures of objects and non-objects used in the current experiment formed a subset of the materials used in the Jansma and Schiller study.) Participants were then required to make the object/non-object decision, and it turned out that even under circumstances in which participants did not have prior practice with the pictures there was no difference in RTs between pictures corresponding to picture names with first syllable stress and those with second syllable stress (see Jansma & Schiller, 2004, for details).…”
This study investigated the monitoring of metrical stress information in internally generated speech. In Experiment 1, Dutch participants were asked to judge whether bisyllabic picture names had initial or final stress. Results showed significantly faster decision times for initially stressed targets (e.g., KAno ‘‘canoe’’) than for targets with final stress (e.g., kaNON ‘‘cannon’’; capital letters indicate stressed syllables). It was demonstrated that monitoring latencies are not a function of the picture naming or object recognition latencies to the same pictures. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated the outcome of the first experiment with trisyllabic picture names. These results are similar to the findings of Wheeldon and Levelt (1995) in a segment monitoring task. The outcome might be interpreted to demonstrate that phonological encoding in speech production is a rightward incremental process. Alternatively, the data might reflect the sequential nature of a perceptual mechanism used to monitor lexical stress
“…phoneme detection or go/no-go tasks (e.g. Jansma and Schiller, 2004;Schiller, 2006;Schmitt et al, 2000Schmitt et al, , 2001). An interesting solution to the second issue emerges from work by Zwitserlood et al (2000), especially with regard to morphology.…”
a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oThe present study investigated morphological priming in Dutch and its time course in overt speech production using a long-lag priming paradigm. Prime words were compounds that were morphologically related to a picture name (e.g. the word jaszak, 'coat pocket' was used for a picture of a coat; Dutch jas) or form-related monomorphemic words (e.g. jasmijn, 'jasmine'). The morphologically related compounds could be semantically transparent (e.g. eksternest, 'magpie nest') or opaque (e.g. eksteroog, lit. 'magpie eye', 'corn', for a picture of a magpie, Dutch ekster). Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were collected in two sessions. The production of morphologically related and complex words facilitated subsequent picture naming and elicited a reduced N400 compared with unrelated prime words. The effects did not differ for transparent and opaque relations. Mere form overlap between a prime word and a target picture name did not affect picture naming. These results extend previous findings from German to another language and demonstrate the feasibility of measuring cognitive ERP components during overt speech. Furthermore, the results suggest that morphological priming in language production cannot be reduced to semantic and phonological processing. The time course of these priming effects as reflected in the ERP measure is in accordance with a meta-analytic temporal estimate of morphological encoding in speaking [Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W.J.M. (2004). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition, 92, suggesting that morphological relations are encoded at the word form level.
“…In contrast to these findings about syntactic representations, recent evidence from our own laboratory as well as from other laboratories demonstrated that self-monitoring does occur at the level of phonological encoding. We have empirical data about the monitoring of phonological segments (Schiller, in press;Wheeldon & Morgan 2002), word stress (Schiller 2001; Schiller et al, in press), syllable boundaries ( Jansma & Schiller 2004), and syllables (Morgan & Wheeldon 2003). However, we also have evidence that participants are unlikely to monitor a phoneticacoustic representation of the respective utterances.…”
Traditional mechanistic accounts of language processing derive almost entirely from the study of monologue. Yet, the most natural and basic form of language use is dialogue. As a result, these accounts may only offer limited theories of the mechanisms that underlie language processing in general. We propose a mechanistic account of dialogue, the interactive alignment account, and use it to derive a number of predictions about basic language processes. The account assumes that, in dialogue, the linguistic representations employed by the interlocutors become aligned at many levels, as a result of a largely automatic process. This process greatly simplifies production and comprehension in dialogue. After considering the evidence for the interactive alignment model, we concentrate on three aspects of processing that follow from it. It makes use of a simple interactive inference mechanism, enables the development of local dialogue routines that greatly simplify language processing, and explains the origins of self-monitoring in production. We consider the need for a grammatical framework that is designed to deal with language in dialogue rather than monologue, and discuss a range of implications of the account.Keywords: common ground; dialogue; dialogue routines; language comprehension; language production; monitoring; perception-behavior link leagues (e.g., Brennan & Clark 1996;Wilkes-Gibbs & Clark 1992; also Brennan & Schober 2001;Horton & Keysar 1996). Well-controlled studies of language production in dialogue may require some ingenuity, but such experimental ingenuity has always been a strength of psychology.The theoretical reason why psycholinguistics has ignored dialogue is that psycholinguistics has derived most of its predictions from generative linguistics, and generative linguistics has developed theories of isolated, decontextualized sentences that are used in texts or speeches, that is, in monologue. In contrast, dialogue is inherently interactive and contextualized: Each interlocutor both speaks and comprehends during the course of the interaction; each interrupts both others and himself; on occasion two or more speakers collaborate in producing the same sentence (Coates 1990). So it is not surprising that generative linguists commonly view dialogue as being of marginal grammaticality, contaminated by theoretically uninteresting complexities. Dialogue sits ill with the competence/performance distinction assumed by most generative linguistics (Chomsky 1965), because it is hard to determine whether a particular utterance is "well-formed" or not (or even whether that notion is relevant to dialogue). Thus, linguistics has tended to concentrate on developing generative grammars and related theories for isolated sentences; and psycholinguistics has tended to develop processing theories that draw upon the rules and representations assumed by generative linguistics. So far as most psycholinguists have thought about dialogue, they have tended to assume that the results of experiments on monologue can be...
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