Monitoring new psychoactive substances (NPS) in The Netherlands: Data from the drug market and the Poisons Information Centre

Hondebrink, Laura; Lonkhuyzen, Johanna J. Nugteren–van; Gouwe, Daan van der; Brunt, Tibor M.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.033

Cited by 98 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Monitoring System in the Netherlands (Hondebrink et al, 2015). Methoxetamine is typically sold as powder, under common street names such as "MXE", "Mexxy", "Mket", "MEX", "Kmax", "Special M", "legal ketamine", "Minx", "Jippe",' and "Roflcoptr" By analogy to ketamine, methoxetamine has a sub-micromolar affinity for glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and binds to its phencyclidine site.…”

Section: Methoxetaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

Zawilska

Andrzejczak

2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

163

123

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Section: Methoxetaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

Zawilska

Andrzejczak

2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

163

123

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“…Surveys amongst young adults showed an increase in the use of legal highs, from 5% in 2011 to 8% in 2014. In the Netherlands, 0.5% of all analyzed drug samples contained NPS in 2007, which increased to 8% in 2013 (Hondebrink et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Netherlands, methoxetamine ((RS)-2-(ethylamino)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone, MXE) was the second most frequently detected NPS in drug samples in 2013; 1.2% of all analyzed drug samples contained MXE (Hondebrink et al, 2015). In 2014, 13% of the ketamine samples offered to the Dutch Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) contained MXE (van der Gouwe, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropharmacological characterization of the new psychoactive substance methoxetamine

et al. 2017

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a b s t r a c tThe use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is steadily increasing. One commonly used NPS is methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue. Several adverse effects have been reported following MXE exposure, while only limited data are available on its neuropharmacological modes of action.We investigated the effects of MXE and ketamine on several endpoints using multiple in vitro models. These included rat primary cortical cells, human SH-SY5Y cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived iCell ® Neurons, DopaNeurons and astrocyte co-cultures, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We investigated effects on several neurotransmitter receptors using single cell intracellular calcium [Ca 2þ ] i imaging, effects on neuronal activity using micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings and effects on human monoamine transporters using a fluorescence-based plate reader assay.In rat primary cortical cells, 10 mM MXE increased the glutamate-evoked increase in [Ca 2þ ] i , whereas 10 mM ketamine was without effect. MXE and ketamine did not affect voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), but inhibited spontaneous neuronal activity (IC 50 0.5 mM and 1.2 mM respectively). In human SH-SY5Y cells, 10 mM MXE slightly inhibited the K Our combined in vitro data provide an urgently needed first insight into the multiple modes of action of MXE. The use of different models and different (neuronal) endpoints can be complementary in pharmacological profiling. Rapid in vitro screening methods as those presented here, could be of utmost importance for gaining a first mechanistic insight to aid the risk assessment of emerging NPS.

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“…The utility of the DIMS as a monitoring system for understanding new drug trends is unparalleled [9,10], and we continue to argue for the implementation of a similar system in Australia [11]. Vrolijk et al have demonstrated that most Dutch pill report website content is not dangerous, but is that really the best we can do?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Commentary on Vrolijket al. (2017): The paradox of the quality control problem

Barratt

Ritter

2016

Addiction

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Monitoring new psychoactive substances (NPS) in The Netherlands: Data from the drug market and the Poisons Information Centre

Cited by 98 publications

References 43 publications

Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon – A complex problem to face

Neuropharmacological characterization of the new psychoactive substance methoxetamine

Commentary on Vrolijket al. (2017): The paradox of the quality control problem

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