Monitoring and distribution patterns of pesticide residues in soil from cotton/wheat fields of Pakistan

Abstract

The excessive use of hazardous pesticides for massive cotton and wheat production has deteriorated the quality of Okara district's soil. Thus, in order to sustain the production of good-quality food, it is essential to determine the residue levels of pesticides in the agricultural soil and define their possible sources. Thus, the present study focused on the determination of selected pesticides in the soil samples obtained from cotton/wheat fields by using the modified multi-residue pesticide analysis method based on GCMS and HPLC-UV. Most of soil samples were found to be highly contaminated with imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and α-cypermethrin residues. Selected pesticides were significantly correlated with each other at p < 0.05 except imidacloprid, which was negatively correlated with triazophos, MCPA methyl ester, selected pyrethroid pesticides, and their metabolite. Soil pH and phosphate levels were significantly positively correlated while sulfate content was negatively correlated with most of selected pesticides. The varimax normalized factor analysis divides the selected pesticides to the two major factors that explained 87.19% of the total variance which evidenced that pesticide in the same cluster shared a common source in the soil. A significant negative correlation of chlorpyrifos in the second factor pointed towards a source different from other pesticides. Factor and cluster analysis indicated that sulfate levels of soil positively affected the persistence/ mobility of imidacloprid.

A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to simultaneously determinate chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in wheat

“…Seo et al.used LC–MS/MS to determine imidacloprid and its metabolites in paprika with average recoveries of 70–120% and RSDs < 20% . The residual amounts of chlorpyrifos in crops have been monitored by GC–MS , GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS . For instance, Grande‐Martínez et al.…”

“…Seo et alused LC-MS/MS to determine imidacloprid and its metabolites in paprika with average recoveries of 70-120% and RSDs < 20% [25]. The residual amounts of chlorpyrifos in crops have been monitored by GC-MS [9,27], GC-MS/MS [23,28] and LC-MS/MS [29]. For instance, Grande-Martínez et al and Bordin et al used GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively, to determine chlorpyrifos with satisfied recoveries [28,29].…”

“…Both chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid have been widely used in agriculture . Imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos are used for controlling sucking insects (thrips and whiteflies) and chewing insects (aphis) . However, it has been reported that the uptake rate of chlorpyrifos residue by wheat increased with an increase in the amount of chlorpyrifos residue in soil .…”

Pesticide monitoring of agricultural soil pollution

“…Insecticides and acaricides, nematicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, repellents, pheromones, fungicides, herbicides, desiccants, plant growth regulators -are pesticides [13][14][15][16][17][18]. In 2018, about 1,500 types of drugs related to pesticides based on chemicals and biological principles were registered in Russia.…”

Rapid detection of triazophos in cucumber using lateral flow immunochromatographic assay

“…In general, chromatography and mass spectrometry such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Chen et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2019;Ling-Li et al, 2016;Rafique et al, 2016;Reinholds et al, 2016) have excellent sensitivity and reliability for TZP detection. However, these methods are expensive, time consuming, and require experienced technicians (Chao et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2019;Shen et al, 2019).…”