General equilibrium optimizing models with sticky nominal prices allow us to revisit questions about optimal monetary policy in open economies. If nominal prices are set in producers' currencies, appropriate monetary policy can reproduce the allocations under £exible prices. If nominal prices are set in consumers' currencies, stable nominal exchange rates may be desirable. In this case, a nominal exchange rate ¢xed at the purchasing power parity level can have desirable consequences for risk sharing, and nominal exchange rate £exibility cannot deliver optimal relative price changes. However, evidence shows that pass-through may be greater to import prices than to consumer prices. If prices are ¢xed for consumers, but importerdistributors face pass-through, then monetary policy-makers face a trade-o¡ that might require some control of nominal exchange rates, but not purely ¢xed rates.
" IntroductionThe`new open economy macroeconomics' is an exciting new development that revives Keynesian IS^LM style analysis, but within a framework of optimizing agents. The literature has the advantage that policy recommendations can be based explicitly on a criterion of maximum household welfare, instead of some ad hoc criterion. This new literature has some interesting initial results on optimal policy and exchange rate £exibility.I will examine some new open economy macroeconomic models under three separate assumptions about how nominal prices are set. In all cases, there are some nominal prices that I assume are set for one period. I shall examine static versions of the models, since I will be able to discuss the relevant issues in that simpli¢ed framework.I will ¢rst construct the model under nominal price £exibility, and then compare that model to the sticky price models. In the ¢rst sticky price model, prices are set in the currency of the producer. (This is the PCP model, for`producer-currency pricing'.) This means that there is full passthrough of nominal exchange rate changes to consumer prices. That is,