Momentum measurements of laser produced plasma

Zweigenbaum, S.; Gazit, Y.; Komet, Y.

doi:10.1088/0032-1028/19/11/003

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…1.3. At higher laser powers, this increase is again saturated and merges into a sublinear slope [68,70].…”

Section: Review Of Phenomena and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasmas at High Temperature and Density

Hora¹

1991

Lecture Notes in Physics Monographs

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Preface"New physics" is an appealing new keyword, not yet devalued by the ravages of inflation. But what has this to do with such an ugly field as plasma physics, steeped in classical physics, mostly outworn, with all its unsolved and ambiguous technological problems and its messy and open ended numerical studies?"New physics" is concerned with quarks, Higgs particles, grand unified theory, superstrings, gravitational waves, and the profound basics of cosmology and black holes. It is the field of astonishing quantum effects, demonstrated by the von Klitzing effect and hightemperature superconductors. But what can plasma physicists offer, after so many years of expensive and frustrating research to solve the problem of fusion energy?One may suggest that the fascinating research of chaos with applications to plasma, or the achievements of statistical mechanics applied to plasmas, has something to offer and should be the subject of attention. However, this is not the aim of this book.Complementing the traditional aim of physics, which is to interpret the phenomena of nature by generalizing laws such that exact predictions about new properties and effects can be drawn, this book demonstrates how new physics has been derived over the last 30 years from the state of matter which exists at high temperatures (plasma). The advent of the laser, with its very high energy densities and its concentration to extremely small volumes and to very short time periods, opened up a whole new regime for the interaction of materials and high-density plasmas, which enforced the appearance of the "rather new physics".Here are a few examples:• Who would have expected that optical waves in vacuum have a longitudinal component? Thomas Young discovered in 1801 the pure transversality of optical radiation. This was not understandable at that time, when it was known that mechanical waves never exist without longitudinal components. Maxwell's equation then only revealed solutions of the purely transverse plane waves in electromagnetism. Against all this traditional knowledge, the recent findings about the dynamics of electrons driven by laser beams by nonlinear forces led to thẽ xact derivation of longitudinal optical wave components.• The same nonlinear force interaction, in view of momentum transfer in experiments, led to the clarification of the angular momentum ofoptical beams and brought about the first substantiation of the photon spin by a macroscopic property.• The conditions of very high laser intensities led to nonlinear and relativistic generalization of the optical response (dielectrics and absorption) with a prediction of relativistic self-focusing to understand how GeV ions are produced by laser irradiation of solid targets.• The quantum generalization of Coulomb collisions in plasmas at high temperatures explains the anomalous resistivity, in agreement with observations where links are given between the simply derived Coulomb collision frequency and quantum electrodynamics, including stimulated emission. IX that after the first l...

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“…1.3. At higher laser powers, this increase is again saturated and merges into a sublinear slope [68,70].…”

Section: Review Of Phenomena and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasmas at High Temperature and Density

Hora¹

1991

Lecture Notes in Physics Monographs

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“…Many papers on ion generation by solid-state lasers have been published for a wide range of experimental conditions, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] but there is still no entire set of data allowing full understanding and prediction of ion generation and ion yield for different elements of the periodic table.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features of ion generation using Nd-glass laser

Kondrashev

Kanesue

Okamura

et al. 2006

Journal of Applied Physics

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Absolutely calibrated vacuum ultraviolet spectra in the 150 -250 -nm range from plasmas generated by the NIKE KrF laser Phys. Plasmas 12, 062701 (2005); 10.1063/1.1920328 Generation of intense streams of metallic ions with a charge state up to 10+ in a laser ion source Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 1575 (2004);Charge state and energy distributions of ions generated by a 3 J / 30 ns Nd-glass laser were measured at a distance of 3.7 m from the target for seven different elements of the Periodic Table and for two different laser power densities ͑of the order of 10 11 and 10 12 W/cm 2 ͒. Two groups of elements were found: highly charged ions with ionization potentials in the range of 500-1000 eV were registered for all elements between 12 C and 56 Fe; at the same time, ions with about-one-order-less ionization potentials were registered for elements between 74 Ge and 181 Ta. The most probable reason for such a big difference is the recombination losses of ions during laser-produced plasma expansion into vacuum. Verification of recombination losses in the case of 181 Ta target has shown no losses at distances longer than 32.5 cm from the target, so recombination processes should take place at shorter distances. Current densities, pulse durations, energy ranges, and numbers of ions with different charge states were found for all elements by normalizing charge state distributions to total ion currents. Two different ion groups exist for all elements and laser power densities used in experiments: the faster group has a very weak dependence of energy on ion charge state, and the energies of the slower group are proportional to the charge states with high accuracy.

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“…4 ) The primary diagnostic was a torsion pendulum which measured the momentum imparted to the target. 5 Supporting data were provided by charge collectors (Faraday cups). Figure 1 shows the experimental results.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We note that the long-pulse scaling is similar to that previously observed with 0.5-nsec pulses over the range 10 12 -4X10 13 W/cm 2 . 5 Optimum resonant absorption occurs when (Z/X 0 ) 2/3 sin 2 6 =0.15, where X 0 is the laser light wavelength, I is the density scale length, and 0 is the angle of incidence. 1 If I were larger for long pulses than for short pulses then the resonant absorption peak would occur at a smaller angle of incidence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%