“…The second line is based on cellular and humoral effectors, which combine to combat pathogens, heal wounds and respond to biotic and abiotic stressors (Lemaitre and Hoffman, 2007). The cellular effectors in shrimp are hemocytes (granular, semigranular, and hyaline), which play a central role in phagocytosis, melanization, encapsulation, nodulation, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, interfering RNA, autophagy, interferon-type system, and coagulation of the hemolymph (Goncalves et al, 2014;Sun et al, 2010). The humoral effectors are the second line of defense and include agglutinins, profenoloxidase system, coagulation proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide, respiratory burst, and opsonization (Morales and Cuéllar et al, 2014;Cerenius and Söderhäll, 2004;Destoumieux et al, 2000;Jiravanichpaisal et al, 2006).…”