Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) reanalysed based on expanded taxon sampling and sequence data

Abstract

Phylogenenetic relationships of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Diptera: Tephritidae) were reanalysed based upon four mitochondrial gene fragments (12S, 16S, cytochrome c oxidase I and cytochrome c oxidase II) from 53 tephritoid (10 families) and 30 outgroup (14 families) species. The data set of Han and Ro (Mol Phylogenet Evol, 39, 2005, 416) was expanded in terms of the number of taxa as well as molecular characters. We were able to sample the enigmatic families Ctenostylidae and Eurygnathomyiidae for the first time. Based on increased taxon sampling (from 49 to 83 species) and additional sequences (combined length of DNA fragments increased from 2451 to 4490 bp), the inferred phylogenetic trees suggest a number of interesting phylogenetic relationships, some of which were not recovered from the previous study. Some of the important findings are as follows: (1) monophyly of the superfamily Tephritoidea; (2) all the included tephritoid families except for Tephritidae were recovered as monophyletic groups; (3) Tephritoidea can be divided into two monophyletic groups – the Piophilidae Family Group (Pallopteridae, Circumphallidae?, Lonchaeidae, Piophilidae and Eurygnathomyiidae) and the Tephritidae Family Group (Richardiidae, Ulidiidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Ctenostylidae and Pyrgotidae); (4) Eurygnathomyiidae is recognized as an independent monophyletic family apart from Pallopteridae; (5) the enigmatic family Ctenostylidae is a member of the superfamily Tephritoidea; (6) parasitic Pyrgotidae + Ctenostylidae + Tachiniscinae and mostly phytophagous Tephritidae are recovered within a monophyletic group; and (7) according to an inferred chronogram, the first Tephritoidea might have evolved around the middle of Paleocene Epoch [~59 Million years ago (mya)] and the family Tephritidae around the late Eocene (~36 mya).

Evidence for Introgression Among Three Species of the Anastrepha fraterculus Group, a Radiating Species Complex of Fruit Flies

“…Then, the program was run using the L mode for additional steps specifying details for the IM model and number of parameters to estimate. Because all parameters estimated by IMa2 are scaled by mutation rates, we estimated the mutation rate per year for each locus based on the split time reported for Tephritidae (∼36 million years) ( Beverley and Wilson, 1984 ; Norrbom, 1994 ; Han and Ro, 2016 ) and a generation time of 0.11 years for Anastrepha ( Celedonio-Hurtado et al, 1988 ; Joachim-Bravo et al, 2003 ) in order to convert the estimated parameters into demographic scales.…”

Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora)—Definition, history and relationships

“…While Lonchaeidae was recovered as sister to Nerioidea it is likely an artifact of the analysis. Supporting characters appear homoplastic, especially when considering recovery of Piophilidae elsewhere in the tree, as the inclusion of Lonchaeidae and Piophilidae in Tephritoidea is well accepted-see Korneyev (1999) and Han & Ro (2016).…”

DNA barcoding reveals a species group of the genus Campiglossa (Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae) with recognition of a new species from East Asia and previously unknown females of Campiglossa coei (Hardy)

“…The molecular methods follow Han and Ro (2016, 2018). For our analysis, 765 base pair fragments of the mitochondrial COI gene sequences (the DNA barcode region) were newly obtained from 55 specimens representing 26 species of the genus Campiglossa .…”

“…Tephritidae is a relatively recently diverged fly family that might have arisen around the Late Eocene (~36 mya; Han and Ro 2016). Currently, this family includes approximately 4,700 valid species under ca.…”