Molecular Phylogeny and Morphological Distinctions of Two Popular Bivalves,Ctenoides scaberandCtenoides mitis

Abstract

One of the most well-known species in the bivalve family Limidae (d'Orbigny, 1846) is the brightly colored Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778), commonly known as the rough file clam or flame scallop. Distinguishing this bivalve from its close relative, C. mitis (Lamarck, 1807), can be difficult using only morphological features and has led to much taxonomic confusion throughout the literature. In this study, morphological characters were compared to a molecular phylogeny constructed using three genes (COI, 28S, and H3) in order to differentiate C. scaber and C. mitis. The phylogeny recovered two well-supported clades that differ significantly in shell rib numbers, but not tentacle colors. The two species were then placed in a larger phylogenetic context of the Limidae family, which revealed the need for further systematic revision across genera. As these bivalves are popular in aquaria, cannot be tank-raised, and have been overcollected in the past, proper species identification is important for assessing sustainable collection practices.

Tick-Borne Pathogens Shape the Native Microbiome Within Tick Vectors

“…All stages were examined on an Olympus SZX16 stereoscopic microscope (Olympus Life Science, Center Valley, PA, USA). To further confirm morphological identification, ticks homogenates were subjected to molecular identification by amplifying the highly conserved 708 bp mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI) [ 15 ]. The nucleotide accession numbers were MT876643, MT876644, and MT876645.…”

Tick-Borne Pathogens Shape the Native Microbiome Within Tick Vectors

“…All stages were examined on an Olympus SZX16 stereoscopic microscope (Olympus Life Science, Center Valley, PA, USA). To further confirm morphological identification, ticks homogenates were subjected to molecular identification by amplifying the highly conserved 708 bp mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI) [ 15 ]. The nucleotide accession numbers were MT876643, MT876644, and MT876645.…”

Antioxidant defenses of flame scallop Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778) exposed to the water-soluble fraction of used vehicle crankcase oils

“…Scallops are a commercially important shellfish in worldwide, particularly in the Caribbean region [ 22 ]. A relatively abundant scallop in Caribbean coral reef ecosystems is Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778), commonly called the “flame scallop”, due to that they possess a red mantle and extensive tentacles [ 23 , 24 ]. Natural populations are found in shallow Atlantic coastal waters from North Carolina in United States of America to the northeastern coast of Venezuela, and their reproductive cycle and population dynamics as well as their potential for aquaculture are known [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Tick-Borne Pathogens Shape the Native Microbiome Within Tick Vectors

“…All stages were examined on an Olympus SZX16 stereoscopic microscope (Olympus Life Science, Center Valley, PA, USA). To further confirm morphological identification, ticks homogenates were subjected to molecular identification by amplifying the highly conserved 708 bp mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI) [ 15 ]. The nucleotide accession numbers were MT876643, MT876644, and MT876645.…”

Antioxidant defenses of flame scallop Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778) exposed to the water-soluble fraction of used vehicle crankcase oils

“…Scallops are a commercially important shellfish in worldwide, particularly in the Caribbean region [ 22 ]. A relatively abundant scallop in Caribbean coral reef ecosystems is Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778), commonly called the “flame scallop”, due to that they possess a red mantle and extensive tentacles [ 23 , 24 ]. Natural populations are found in shallow Atlantic coastal waters from North Carolina in United States of America to the northeastern coast of Venezuela, and their reproductive cycle and population dynamics as well as their potential for aquaculture are known [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Tick-Borne Pathogens Shape the Native Microbiome Within Tick Vectors

“…All stages were examined on an Olympus SZX16 stereoscopic microscope (Olympus Life Science, Center Valley, PA, USA). To further confirm morphological identification, ticks homogenates were subjected to molecular identification by amplifying the highly conserved 708 bp mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI) [ 15 ]. The nucleotide accession numbers were MT876643, MT876644, and MT876645.…”

Antioxidant defenses of flame scallop Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778) exposed to the water-soluble fraction of used vehicle crankcase oils

“…Scallops are a commercially important shellfish in worldwide, particularly in the Caribbean region [ 22 ]. A relatively abundant scallop in Caribbean coral reef ecosystems is Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778), commonly called the “flame scallop”, due to that they possess a red mantle and extensive tentacles [ 23 , 24 ]. Natural populations are found in shallow Atlantic coastal waters from North Carolina in United States of America to the northeastern coast of Venezuela, and their reproductive cycle and population dynamics as well as their potential for aquaculture are known [ 25 , 26 ].…”