Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of North American isolates of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiaceae: Ehrlichieae)

Fuente, José de la; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den; Kocan, Katherine M.

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00378-8

Cited by 110 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…With the exception of the roe deer strain, the msp4 sequences had a lower degree of diversity than ank gene sequences; but unlike results with the ank sequences, phylogenetic analysis of the msp4 sequences differentiated between strains of A. phagocytophilum from humans, dogs, and horses from those obtained from ruminants (26). As shown before for A. marginale strains in tick pathogen phylogenetic studies (13), the possibility of differentiating between A. phagocytophilum samples according to the mammalian host of origin suggested that msp4 sequences could be used for coevolutionary studies. The degree of msp4 sequence heterogeneity among strains of A. phagocytophilum was higher than among geographic isolates of A. marginale, with 99 to 100% identity ( philum.…”

Section: Vol 43 2005 Phylogenetic Analysis Of a Phagocytophilum Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, von Loewenich et al (47) described ank variant sequences from infected ticks that are different from all other ank sequences and whose geographic distribution is still unknown. The homologue of A. marginale MSP4, which has been shown to provide phylogenetic and phylogeographic information about geographic isolates of A. marginale (11)(12)(13)(14), was identified in silico in the A. phagocytophilum genome sequence, thus providing a potentially more informative genetic marker for the characterization of A. phagocytophilum strains. The best characterized major antigenic protein of A. phagocytophilum, p44, is highly polymorphic in different populations of the organism derived from tick or mammalian host cells (3).…”

Section: Vol 43 2005 Phylogenetic Analysis Of a Phagocytophilum Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the biological function of A. marginale MSP4 is unknown, this MSP is probably involved in host-pathogen interactions and may evolve more rapidly than other nuclear gene proteins because of selective pressures exerted by host immune systems. Furthermore, the analysis of msp4 sequences provided phylogeographic patterns for A. marginale strains (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

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Sequence Analysis of the msp4 Gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains

et al. 2005

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The causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was recently reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, unifying previously described bacteria that cause disease in humans, horses, dogs, and ruminants. For the characterization of genetic heterogeneity in this species, the homologue of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 4 gene (msp4) was identified, and the coding region was PCR amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources, including 50 samples from the United States, Germany, Poland, Norway, Italy, and Switzerland and 4 samples of A. phagocytophilum-like organisms obtained from white-tailed deer in the United States. Sequence variation between strains of A. phagocytophilum (90 to 100% identity at the nucleotide level and 92 to 100% similarity at the protein level) was higher than in A. marginale. Phylogenetic analyses of msp4 sequences did not provide phylogeographic information but did differentiate strains of A. phagocytophilum obtained from ruminants from those obtained from humans, dogs, and horses. The sequence analysis of the recently discovered A. phagocytophilum msp2 gene corroborated these results. The results reported here suggest that although A. phagocytophilum-like organisms from white-tailed deer may be closely related to A. phagocytophilum, they could be more diverse. These results suggest that A. phagocytophilum strains from ruminants could share some common characteristics, including reservoirs and pathogenicity, which may be different from strains that infect humans.

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Section: Vol 43 2005 Phylogenetic Analysis Of a Phagocytophilum Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vol 43 2005 Phylogenetic Analysis Of a Phagocytophilum Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequence Analysis of the msp4 Gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains

et al. 2005

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“…MSP1a, encoded by msp1␣, has been reported to be an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells and to effect adhesion, infection, and transmission of A. marginale by ticks of the genus Dermacentor (7,8,20,21). Although the specific function of MSP4 is not known, our previous analysis of the msp4 gene from A. marginale isolates demonstrated that its sequence varies sufficiently among isolates to support its use in phylogeographic studies (6,9).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recent research has focused on MSPs that are involved in interactions with vertebrate and invertebrate host cells (7,8,20,21) and have been used to elucidate the phylogeographic patterns of A. marginale (5,6,9,16,19). These MSPs are involved in host-pathogen interactions and may evolve more rapidly than other nuclear genes because of selective pressures exerted by host immune systems.…”

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Anaplasma marginale msp1 α Genotypes Evolved under Positive Selection Pressure but Are Not Markers for Geographic Isolates

Fuente¹,

Bussche

Prado

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

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Anaplasma marginale is a rickettsial pathogen that causes the disease anaplasmosis in cattle (25). Feeding ticks effect biological transmission of this obligate intraerythrocytic organism, while mechanical transmission occurs when infected blood is transferred to susceptible cattle by biting flies or blood-contaminated fomites (for a review, see the report by Ewing [13]). Many A. marginale geographic isolates which differ in biology, morphology, protein sequence, and antigenic characteristics have been identified and have been characterized by the major surface protein 1a (MSP1a), which varies in sequence and molecular weight due to different numbers of tandem 28-to 29-amino-acid repeats (for a review, see reference 5). The MSP1a tandem repeats are located after a conserved decapeptide in the amino-terminal region of the protein and are exposed extracellularly for interaction with host cell receptors (11). The frequency of variable amino acid positions in geographic isolates is higher in this region than in the rest of the protein (for a review, see reference 5).The organisms in the order Rickettsiales have been reclassified into two families, the Anaplasmataceae and Rickettsiaceae, on the basis of genetic analyses of the 16S rRNA, groesl, and surface protein genes (12). Recent research has focused on MSPs that are involved in interactions with vertebrate and invertebrate host cells (7,8,20,21) and have been used to elucidate the phylogeographic patterns of A. marginale (5,6,9,16,19). These MSPs are involved in host-pathogen interactions and may evolve more rapidly than other nuclear genes because of selective pressures exerted by host immune systems. Of the six A. marginale MSPs that have been identified and characterized, only three (MSP1a, MSP4, and MSP5) are encoded by single genes. Because these MSPs do not appear to undergo antigenic variation in cattle or ticks (4), they were posited to be more stable genes for phylogenetic studies. MSP1a, encoded by msp1␣, has been reported to be an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells and to effect adhesion, infection, and transmission of A. marginale by ticks of the genus Dermacentor

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