Molecular heterogeneity of guanine nucleotide binding‑protein γ subunit 4 in left‑ and right‑sided colon cancer

Abstract

Molecular heterogeneity determines the differences in the pathological features, prognosis and survival after relapse when comparing left-sided colon cancer (LCC) and right-sided colon cancer (RCC). At present, the discrepancy in the underlying molecular events between the two types of colon cancer has not been thoroughly investigated. The present study aimed to explore novel targets to predict the disease stage and prognosis of LCC and RCC. Expression analysis of guanine nucleotide binding-protein γ subunit 4 (GNG4) was performed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Oncomine databases. Survival and association analyses were performed using GEPIA and the colon adenocarcinoma dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. GNG4-positive cells in a tissue microarray were examined using immunohistochemistry. According to the GNG4 expression data from Caucasian patients included in the TCGA dataset, GNG4 was highly expressed and positively associated with pathological stage and overall survival (OS) rates in colon cancer. GNG4 expression was higher in LCC than in RCC. Patients with LCC with high GNG4 expression exhibited higher pathological stage and lower survival rates, whereas this was not observed in patients with RCC. In addition, the clinical tissues used in the microarray showed that GNG4 expression was increased in Chinese patients with LCC compared with that in patients with RCC. Consistently, GNG4 expression was negatively associated with OS in patients with LCC, but not in patients with RCC. However, no association was observed between GNG4 expression and the disease stage of colon cancer in both patients with LCC and RCC. Overall, the molecular heterogeneity of GNG4 in LCC and RCC suggests that GNG4 may be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with LCC.

High GNG4 predicts adverse prognosis for osteosarcoma: Bioinformatics prediction and experimental verification

“…These results suggest that GNG4 expression is a prognostic biomarker of OS. Although many studies have suggested that GNG4 may be a biomarker for poor prognosis in a variety of tumours (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), this study is the first to investigate the correlation between GNG4 expression and prognosis in OS. Considering that metastasis and GNG4 are strong prognostic factors for OS, a nomogram was constructed that combined metastasis and GNG4 expression with clinical data.…”

“…Many previous studies have shown that GNG4 may be a diagnostic marker for various cancers, and GNG4 is highly expressed in different types of cancers, including rectal, colon, stomach, lung adenocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancers (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). In the TCGA data, our analysis also confirmed that GNG4 was significantly overexpressed in OS and most other tumours.…”

“…In recent years, accumulated studies have investigated the role of GNG4 in tumours. Recent studies suggest that GNG4 expression is elevated in a variety of tumours, including colorectal, colon, gastric, lung adenocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancers, and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with these cancer types (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). GNG4 plays an important role in promoting tumour cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and invasion by binding GPCRs (20,22).…”

Identification of hub genes and immune cell infiltration characteristics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

“…Therefore, it is expected to be a targeted drug for the treatment of diabetes and obesity ( Kanematsu-Yamaki et al, 2017 ). Upregulation of G-protein subunit γ4 ( GNG4 ) is associated with many cancers, such as colon cancer ( Song et al, 2020 ), triple-negative breast cancer ( Zhang et al, 2020 ), thymic carcinoma ( Kishibuchi et al, 2020 ), and hepatocellular carcinoma ( Ding et al, 2019 ). It was found that G-protein γ7 ( GNG7 ) is a tumor suppressor gene in the progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and is a novel replacement gene in the treatment of RCC ( Xu et al, 2019 ).…”