Molecular evidence of upper and lower respiratory infection due to Lophomonas in a post‐kidney transplantation patient

Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

First molecular approach to diagnose paediatric pulmonary lophomoniasis: A case series

“… 3 The majority of cases have been reported from Asian countries such as Iran and China. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 It has been shown that children's immunity is less effective than adults. 13 Furthermore, due to poor hygienic habits, children are more exposed to pathogens in their surroundings.…”

“…In our study, for the first time, all lophomoniasis patients were confirmed by a PCR‐based test. 4 The majority of our cases live in urban areas, and the people living there are more exposed to cockroaches due to the high population of these insects. On the other hand, cockroaches are considered the main reservoir host for the Lophomonas parasite.…”

“… 2 Lophomonas is an emerging protozoan parasite that infects upper and lower respiratory system. 3 , 4 Humans are infected by aerosol‐containing cysts (airborne route) that are excreted by the stool of some insects, mainly cockroaches as reservoir host. 3 Low‐grade fever, chronic cough, expectoration and dyspnoea were the most common symptoms among the patients.…”

“… 3 Low‐grade fever, chronic cough, expectoration and dyspnoea were the most common symptoms among the patients. 3 , 4 , 5 Lophomonas trophozoite is mainly diagnosed by microscopic examination of respiratory secretions of patients, mainly bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 but because of its similarity to the respiratory epithelial cells, it might be missed. 3 , 7 …”

First report of emerged pulmonary lophomoniasis in two Afghanian medical tourists

“… 1 The parasite may infect a number of tissues and organs, but clinically, the respiratory tract is the most commonly infected tissue. 2 , 3 Generally, Lophomonas infection causes symptoms (cough, sputum, and shortness of breath) in the respiratory tract. 4 , 5 , 6 It is difficult to distinguish this infection from other common lung infections with similar symptoms, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or inflammation.…”