Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kerala, India using IS6110-RFLP, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTRs

Methodological and Clinical Aspects of the Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria

“…The regions where IS6110 is preferentially inserted include the direct repeat (DR) locus, the phospholipase C gene (plc) region, the Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family genes, the dnaA-dnaN intergenic region, or other ISs such as IS1547 (247). Due to its large number of copies and variability in location, IS6110 has become a useful genetic marker to differentiate M. tuberculosis strains (248)(249)(250)(251)(252)(253)(254). The presence of IS6110 has also been exploited to identify M. tuberculosis infection in ancient mummified samples (255)(256)(257).…”

“…Each band denotes a single copy of IS6110 surrounded by flanking DNAs of different lengths, depending on the distance between the PvuII sites (284). Since the time when the IS6110-RFLP methodology was described and standardized, laboratories across the world have implemented it into routine epidemiological investigations of M. tuberculosis strains (253,254,(285)(286)(287)(288)(289). The IS6110-RFLP method has a high discriminatory capacity, is easily reproducible in a laboratory, and therefore has long been considered the "gold standard" among typing methods applicable for the MTBC.…”

Spoligotype patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Puducherry, India

“…This is borne out of the reports from different geographical areas of India. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Spoligotyping is a hybridization assay which targets the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology vol. 33, No.…”

Molecular characterisation and associated drug susceptibility patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from South African children

“…3 Molecular epidemiology has become useful in monitoring the spread of pathogens and enhancing knowledge on the virulence and resistance mechanisms of different strains. 4 Several polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing methods have been used for the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis strains. These include spoligotyping (spacer oligonucleotide typing), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR).…”

“…These include spoligotyping (spacer oligonucleotide typing), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR). 4 Spoligotyping, a highly practical and fast PCR-based method has been used extensively as a secondary typing method to reduce the number of falsely clustered isolates, and as a marker to study the phylogeny of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This typing method exploits the DNA polymorphism in the direct repeats (DRs) region of M. tuberculosis complex strains.…”