Molecular Characterization of Pigmented and Nonpigmented Isolates of
            <i>Mycobacterium avium</i>
            subsp.
            <i>paratuberculosis</i>

Stevenson, Karen; Hughes, Valerie; Juan, Lucía de; Inglis, Neil F.; Wright, Frank; Sharp, John M.

doi:10.1128/jcm.40.5.1798-1804.2002

Cited by 113 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These SNPs can be used for subspecies differentiation. SNPs are frequently used in epidemiological and evolutionary studies to differentiate between closely related species, subspecies, and strains of bacteria without knowledge of what effect the SNP may have on gene function or protein activity (1,19,24,27,47). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Comparison of PE and PPE Genes in the Mycobacterium avium Complex

et al. 2009

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The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) comprises genomically similar but phenotypically divergent bacteria that inhabit diverse environments and that cause disease in different hosts. In this study, a wholegenome approach was used to examine the polymorphic PE (Pro-Glu) and PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) gene families, implicated in immunostimulation and virulence. The four major groups of MAC organisms were examined, including the newly sequenced type strains of M. intracellulare and M. avium subsp. avium, plus M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. hominissuis, for the purpose of finding genetic differences that could be exploited to design diagnostic tests specific to these groups and that could help explain their divergence in pathogenesis and host specificity. Unique and missing PPE genes were found in all MAC members except M. avium subsp. avium. Only M. intracellulare had a unique PE gene. Apart from this, most PE and PPE sequences were conserved, with average nucleotide sequence identities of 99.1 and 98.1%, respectively, among the M. avium subspecies, but only 82.9 and 79.7% identities with the PE and PPE sequences of M. intracellulare, respectively. A detailed analysis of the amino acid sequences was performed between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Most differences were detected in the PPE proteins, with amino acid substitutions and frame shifts leading to unique amino acid sequences. In conclusion, several unique PPE proteins were identified in MAC organisms next to numerous polymorphisms in both the PE and PPE gene families. These substantial differences could help explain the divergence in phenotypes within the MAC and could lead to diagnostic tests with better discriminatory abilities.Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare are collectively known as the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). For genotypic, phenotypic, and historical reasons, multiple subspecies of M. avium are recognized; these include Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, and M. avium subsp. silvaticum (50). All four M. avium subspecies and M. intracellulare possess a high degree of genetic similarity but are capable of infecting a diverse range of host species.M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative organism of Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), a debilitating chronic enteritis in ruminants (49), and has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans (18). M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. silvaticum are limited almost exclusively to avian species (53), in which they cause tuberculosis. M. avium subsp. hominissuis is a recent designation and was added to reflect the distinction of human and porcine isolates from bird-type strains when genotypic methods showed that M. avium isolates from humans in particular but also pigs rarely shared the genetic profiles of organisms found in birds (38,53). M. avium subsp. hominissuis and M. intracellulare are ubiquitous, saprophytic mycobacteria commonly found in so...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Comparison of PE and PPE Genes in the Mycobacterium avium Complex

et al. 2009

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“…M. chelonae and M. abscessus were also exposed to pH 5.0, however only M. abscessus continued to produce the pigment and M. chelonae ceased production of the pigment possibly due to the toxic effects of the more extreme pH on pigment production [17]. Several slow growing species such as Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium also produce pigment in response to acidic stress at pH 5.5-6.0 [17,20,21]. As these environmental mycobacterial species may encounter acidity in stagnant water in bogs and swamps, rivers, streams, brooks, and certain soils, pigment production may protect mycobacteria against environmental stress.…”

Section: Mycobacterial Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigments and Pathogenesis

Saviola¹

2014

J Mycobac Dis

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In recent years pigments have been identified in human nutrition to have a positive effect on human health and reduction to oxidative stress exposure. In the media it has become common wisdom that colourful food is naturally better to consume for humans and animals. Now recently it has been shown that pigments aid microbial species as well, and conversely these microbial pigments may result in more morbidity and mortality for the human host infected by these colourful microbes. Similar pigments that are available for consumption in food are also present in many bacterial species. Presumably these pigments aid the bacteria in their survival in the environment and within a human or animal host. Importantly, interference with the production of certain microbial pigments results in some bacterial strains that are more susceptible to environmental stressors and the host immune system. These studies seem to indicate a role of pigments for in vivo survival by microbial species.

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“…Besides these above-mentioned techniques, other genome-based assays such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) have made it possible to characterize and phylogenetically analyze MAP (Hughes et al 2000;Stevenson et al 2002), as well as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), which does not require the use of a thermocycler (Enosawa et al 2003), has also been developed for the detection of MAP.…”

Section: In Situ Hybridization (Ish)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock

Chaubey

Gupta

et al. 2016

Veterinary Quarterly

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Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-a-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.

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Molecular Characterization of Pigmented and Nonpigmented Isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Cited by 113 publications

References 25 publications

Genomic Comparison of PE and PPE Genes in the Mycobacterium avium Complex

Genomic Comparison of PE and PPE Genes in the Mycobacterium avium Complex

Pigments and Pathogenesis

Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock

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