Modulation of Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern and Leukocyte Population in Horses Vaccinated against West Nile Virus

Arfuso, Francesca; Giudice, Elisabetta; Pietro, Simona Di; Piccione, Giuseppe; Giannetto, Claudia

doi:10.3390/ani11020477

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This highlights that adapting protocols based on titers can be achieved for some diseases in equine. Alternatively, studies showed vaccination against tetanus elicited a strong acute phase response [ 77 ], and vaccination against WNV changed the serum proteins and leukocyte count profiles [ 78 ]. Further studies should be pursued to investigate the benefit of using the acute phase proteins and cell count as biomarkers to assess the immune response from vaccination.…”

Section: Other Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Desanti-Consoli¹,

Bouillon

Chapuis

2022

Vaccines

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Vaccination against infectious diseases is a cornerstone of veterinary medicine in the prevention of disease transmission, illness severity, and often death in animals. In North American equine medicine, equine vaccines protecting against tetanus, rabies, Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, and West Nile are core vaccines as these have been classified as having a heightened risk of mortality, infectiousness, and endemic status. Some guidelines differ from the label of vaccines, to improve the protection of patients or to decrease the unnecessary administration to reduce potential side effects. In North America, resources for the equine practitioners are available on the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) website. Conversely, in small companion animals, peer review materials are regularly published in open access journals to guide the vaccination of dogs and cats. The aims of this review are to present how the vaccine guidelines have been established for small companion animals and horses in North America, to review the equine literature to solidify or contrast the current AAEP guidelines of core vaccines, and to suggest future research directions in the equine vaccine field considering small companion animal strategies and the current available resources in equine literature.

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Section: Other Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Desanti-Consoli¹,

Bouillon

Chapuis

2022

Vaccines

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“…Since 2008 a vaccine constituted by inactivated WNV strain, VM-2, was licensed for use in horses in the EU by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In this regard, a study carried out in Southern Italy concluded that vaccines used do not alter the overall hemogram picture and health status of horses though it is associated with modulation of humoral immunity, leukocyte populations, and inflammatory markers [ 24 ]. Contrariwise, to date, no vaccine is available for human [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]: Even though several vaccines targeting flaviviruses (e.g., TBE, yellow fever, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease) have been made available, none has been licensed for the use against WNV infection [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Perceptions on Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for West Nile Virus Infections: A Survey from an Endemic Area in Northern Italy

Riccò

Peruzzi

Balzarini³

2021

TropicalMed

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During the last decade, cases of West Nile Virus (WNV) have occurred in the Emilia Romagna Region (ERR). Even though the notification rates remain relatively low, ranging from 0.06 to 1.83 cases/100,000 inhabitants, the persistent pathogen’s circulation in settings characterized by favorable environmental characteristics suggests that WNV is becoming endemic to the Po River Valley. This study assesses knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices toward WNV prevention among residents from 10 high-risk municipalities from the provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia (total population: 82,317 inhabitants, census 2020). A web-based survey, based on the health belief model, was performed during the month of January 2021, with a convenience sampling of 469 participants from a series of closed discussion groups on social media (i.e., 2.1% of the potential responders). A total of 243 participants knew the meaning of WNV: Of them, 61.3% were aware of previous WNV infections in ERR, 76.5% acknowledged WNV infection as a severe one, but only 31.3% expressed any worry about WNV. Our results irregularly report preventive practices, either collective (e.g., draining standing water from items and the environment, 50.7%; spraying pesticides around the home, 33.0%) or individual (e.g., use of skin repellants when going outdoors, 42.6%). In a multivariate analysis, performed through binary logistic regression, participants reporting any worry towards WNV were more likely to characterize WNV as a severe disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 20.288, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.083–80.972). On the contrary, respondents supporting community mosquito control programs were more likely among people working with animals/livestock (aOR = 13.948, 95%CI = 2.793–69.653), and supporting tax exemptions for mosquito control programs (aOR = 4.069, 95%CI 2.098–7.893). In conclusion, our results suggest that future interventions promoting WNV prevention among residents in ERR should focus on perceptions of vulnerability to WNV, emphasizing the benefits of personal protective behaviors.

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“…Each horse was free from internal and external parasites (regularly treated every three months), regularly subjected to Coggins tests (one time a year), and vaccinated against influenza and tetanus. The annual vaccinations were performed three months prior to the experimental period, and the last one was postponed until the end of the experiment [25,26]. All horses were fed three times a day (6:30, 12:00, and 19:00).…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Variation of Peripheral Blood Cells in Horses Maintained in Different Environmental and Management Conditions

Aragona

Arfuso

Fazio

et al. 2023

Animals

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The aim of our study was to analyze circadian rhythm of the hematological profile of horses housed in a loose box and paddock during the different seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). Blood samples were performed every 4 h for 48 consecutive hours. Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets (PLTs), and leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) were analyzed, and, at the same time, environmental conditions were recorded. A statistically significant effect of housing conditions (p < 0.0001) was observed on all hematological values except for WBC during winter and for neutrophils (p < 0.0001) during spring and autumn. A statistically significant effect of season (p < 0.0001) was found for RBC, HCT, and PLT and for all leukocyte cells (p < 0.0001) except for basophils. The single Cosinor method revealed a daily rhythm of hematological parameters during spring in both groups, and a daily rhythm for lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed during spring and summer in horses kept in a loose box and during winter in horses housed in a paddock. Our results revealed that the response of the immune system is regulated by circadian physiology. Knowledge of the periodic temporal structure of mammals should be considered when evaluating animals’ adaptation to temporizations imposed by the environment.

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Modulation of Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern and Leukocyte Population in Horses Vaccinated against West Nile Virus

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Equids’ Core Vaccines Guidelines in North America: Considerations and Prospective

Public Perceptions on Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for West Nile Virus Infections: A Survey from an Endemic Area in Northern Italy

Circadian Variation of Peripheral Blood Cells in Horses Maintained in Different Environmental and Management Conditions

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