Modulation of interleukin-1β mediated inflammatory response in human astrocytes by flavonoids: Implications in neuroprotection

Modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in canine chondrocytes

“…During inflammation and/or oxidative stress, oxidative defense genes (i.e. SOD) are reported to be down-regulated in multiple tissues including astrocytes and chondrocytes (6,16,17). SOD has been discovered in three isoforms in humans.…”

“…Chemokines are derived from chemotactic cytokines, which are small heparin binding proteins that were originally defined by their chemotactic activity. They are structurally related to cytokines, whose main function is to regulate cell trafficking (17,18). They are secreted in response to signals such as proinflammatory cytokines where they have the important role of recruiting monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (17).…”

“…They are structurally related to cytokines, whose main function is to regulate cell trafficking (17,18). They are secreted in response to signals such as proinflammatory cytokines where they have the important role of recruiting monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes (17). Currently in the human literature more than 50 chemokines and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified (19).…”

“…There is evidence to suggest the involvement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) in the attraction of monocytes to the site of inflammation (22). It is produced by a variety of cell types either at the time of or after the induction by oxidative stress, inflammation (cytokines) growth factors (17), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which have been shown to upregulate MCP-1 expression in sensory neurons (23)(24)(25). More recently MCP-1 expression has been found in chondrocytes (18).…”

“…Inflammatory cells release a variety of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, metalloproteinases (14), proteases, free radicals, interleukins (17), tumor necrosis factor (17), and other cytokines. Of particular interest are the roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and IL-1β.…”