Modulation of Baroreflex Sensitivity by Walnuts Versus Cashew Nuts in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome

Schutte, Aletta E.; Rooyen, Johannes M. Van; Huisman, Hugo W.; Mukuddem‐Petersen, J.; Oosthuizen, Welma; Hanekom, Susanna M.; Jerling, Johann C.

doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.12.014

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…BMI is reported only when no data on weight were available. †Nut dose is given based on g/day, 1 oz=28 g. ‡Energy from carbohydrate:fat:protein. §Trials with scores ≥8 were considered to be of high quality. ¶Agency funding is that from government, university or not-for-profit health agency sources. **Mean age was given separately for men and women. ††Medians were calculated from the ranges reported: Iwamoto et al 34 range 50–54 g/day; Jenkins et al 20 range 50–75 g/day; Lovejoy et al 35 range 57–113 g/day; Mukuddem-Petersen et al 40 range 63–108 g/day; Torabian et al 12 range 28–64 g/day; Zambon et al 33 range 41–56 g/day. ‡‡Companion reports: Jenkins et al 61 for Jenkins et al 15; Schutte et al 60 for Mukuddem-Petersen et al 40; West et al 62 and Holligan et al 63 for Gebauer et al 41. ¶¶Baseline characteristics were based on the number of randomised participants for Li et al 11 n=70; Ma et al 45 n=24; Zambon et al 33 n=55; Katz et al 51 n=46; Sauder et al 55 n=30; Gulati et al 58 n=68 for recruited participants for Tapsell et al 44 (n=50), and for age for Damavandi et al 54 (n=50). §§Based on 2100 kcal for Griel et al 42 and based on 1400 kcal (∼60 kg) for Gulati et al 58. ***Values for carbohydrates are reported as geometric means. AAD, Average American Diet; AHA, American Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; CHO-LCD, self-selected complex carbohydrate diet; DA, dietary advice; DM2, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HC, hypercholesterolaemic; HLP, hyperlipidaemic; M, men; Met, metabolic; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MQS, Heyland Methodological Quality Score; NA, not available; NCEP, National Cholesterol Education Program; NL-HC, normal to hypercholesterolaemic; NL-HLP, normal to mildly hyperlipidaemic; PD, prediabetes; OP, out-patient; OW, overweight; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SUPP, supplement; W, women. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of tree nuts on metabolic syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveTo provide a broader evidence summary to inform dietary guidelines of the effect of tree nuts on criteria of the metabolic syndrome (MetS).DesignWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of tree nuts on criteria of the MetS.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 4 April 2014).Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ≥3 weeks reporting at least one criterion of the MetS.Data extractionTwo or more independent reviewers extracted all relevant data. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed.ResultsEligibility criteria were met by 49 RCTs including 2226 participants who were otherwise healthy or had dyslipidaemia, MetS or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tree nut interventions lowered triglycerides (MD=−0.06 mmol/L (95% CI −0.09 to −0.03 mmol/L)) and fasting blood glucose (MD=−0.08 mmol/L (95% CI −0.16 to −0.01 mmol/L)) compared with control diet interventions. There was no effect on waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or blood pressure with the direction of effect favouring tree nuts for waist circumference. There was evidence of significant unexplained heterogeneity in all analyses (p<0.05).ConclusionsPooled analyses show a MetS benefit of tree nuts through modest decreases in triglycerides and fasting blood glucose with no adverse effects on other criteria across nut types. As our conclusions are limited by the short duration and poor quality of the majority of trials, as well as significant unexplained between-study heterogeneity, there remains a need for larger, longer, high-quality trials.Trial registration numberNCT01630980.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… ‡‡Companion reports: Jenkins et al 61 for Jenkins et al 15; Schutte et al 60 for Mukuddem-Petersen et al 40; West et al 62 and Holligan et al 63 for Gebauer et al 41.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tree nuts on metabolic syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

et al. 2014

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“…In a dietary trial among men and women with the metabolic syndrome and an average BMI of 35, high dietary consumption of walnuts, rich in ALA and total PUFA, unexpectedly lowered the baroreflex sensitivity. (27) A depressed baroreflex sensitivity is a marker of impaired autonomic control and a risk factor for arrhythmias. (28) Further studies are needed to confirm that ALA increases the risk of SCA among overweight subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red blood cell membrane α-linolenic acid and the risk of sudden cardiac arrest

et al. 2009

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Higher levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cell membranes are associated with lower risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Whether membrane levels of α-linolenic acid, a medium-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, show a similar association is unclear. We investigated the association of red blood cell membrane alpha-linolenic acid with sudden cardiac arrest risk in a population-based case-control study. Cases, aged 25-74 years, were out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest patients, attended by paramedics in Seattle, Washington (n=265). Controls, matched to cases by age, sex and calendar year, were randomly identified from the community (n=415). All participants were free of prior clinically-diagnosed heart disease. Blood was obtained at the time of cardiac arrest (cases) or at the time of an interview (controls). Higher membrane alpha-linolenic acid was associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest: after adjustment for matching factors and smoking, diabetes, hypertension, education, physical activity, weight, height and total fat intake, the odds ratios corresponding to increasing quartiles of alpha-linolenic acid were 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-3.0), 1.9 (95% CI 1.1-3.3), and 2.5 (95% CI 1.3-4.8) compared to the lowest quartile. The association was independent of red blood cell levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and linoleic acid. Higher membrane levels of alpha-linolenic acid are associated with higher risk of sudden cardiac arrest.Sudden cardiac death, also known as out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), is the leading cause of death from coronary heart disease, (1) and the prevention of SCA in the community remains a challenge.(2) is strong evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials that dietary intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood reduces the risk of SCA. (3) Among persons without prior clinical coronary disease, both dietary long-chain n-3s and membrane or whole blood levels of these fatty acids are consistently associated with lower risk of SCA, (4,5) and membrane levels are suggested to mediate the dietary association. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptMetabolism. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 April 1. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a medium-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and essential fatty acid derived from vegetable oils such as canola and soybean oils. Dietary ALA can be elongated and desaturated to the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and D...

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“…Data from 681 participants were analyzed in 5 clinical trials (25,34,35,37,48). Compared with control diets, nut-enriched diets had no significant effect on waist circumference (WMD: -1.25 cm; 95% CI: -2.82, 0.31 cm; I 2 = 28%) (Figure 4).…”

Section: Waist Circumferencementioning

confidence: 99%