Modular LED arrays for large area solar simulation

Al-Ahmad, Alaa Yassin; Holdsworth, John; Vaughan, Benjamin; Sharafutdinova, Galiya; Zhou, Xiaojing; Belcher, Warwick J.; Dastoor, Paul C.

doi:10.1002/pip.3072

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The devices were pre‐exposed during 30 min individually using a warm white LED lamp and Xe lamp, and then measured under Xe lamp at 1 sun (100 mW cm −2 ) for analysis of internal potential shift. A LED lamp has a narrower wavelength than a Xe lamp, and a warm white LED shows emission properties at λ = 450–680 nm (shown in Figure g,h) . The devices containing only HTL Solar showed a marked difference in slopes when pre‐exposed to the LED lamp and Xe lamp due to deficient internal potential with large HIB.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large HIB lowers the internal potential of the device and increases the V OC drop and carrier recombination. [84,85] The devices containing only HTL Solar showed a marked difference in slopes when pre-exposed to the LED lamp and Xe lamp due to deficient internal potential with large HIB. The devices were pre-exposed during 30 min individually using a warm white LED lamp and Xe lamp, and then measured under Xe lamp at 1 sun (100 mW cm −2 ) for analysis of internal potential shift.…”

Section: Energy Level Matching and Internal Potential Of Htlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A LED lamp has a narrower wavelength than a Xe lamp, and a warm white LED shows emission properties at λ = 450-680 nm (shown in Figure 2g,h). [84,85] The devices containing only HTL Solar showed a marked difference in slopes when pre-exposed to the LED lamp and Xe lamp due to deficient internal potential with large HIB. Although only HTL Solar incorporated devices exhibited a decrease in HIB in the BHJ layer/Ag interfaces, a large difference between the donor HOMO level and HTL Solar caused a V OC drop due to a low internal potential.…”

Section: Energy Level Matching and Internal Potential Of Htlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaporation‐Free Nonfullerene Flexible Organic Solar Cell Modules Manufactured by An All‐Solution Process

Han

Jeon

Lee

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

100

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fabricated for application over a large area, and applicability in flexible electronics. [1][2][3][4][5][6] It is possible to design high-performance devices by designing photoactive materials that constitute a bulk heterojunction (BHJ), [7][8][9] device engineering, [10][11][12][13] and a combination of these. [14,15] Therefore, this has attention as an area in which commercialization can occur through the application of flexible, wearable, and portable devices, and building-integrated photovoltaics. [4,[16][17][18][19][20] Recently, different methods such as spin coating, [21][22][23] slotdie coating, [24][25][26] and blade coating, [27,28] are being attempted to develop large-area modules with laboratory-to-industrial applications. Among them, slot-die coating can easily control each layer and the related processing factors, such as discharge rate and speed, thus enabling control of thickness and conformation. Therefore, it is the most appropriate coating method to use to produce devices and modules with large areas. [16,29] Krebs and co-workers fabricated flexible OSC modules using a roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing process called "ProcessOne." Their flexible OSC modules with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 2-3% demonstrated an energy payback time (EPBT) of 2.02-1.35 years. [30,31] Using Proces-sOne, the BHJ layer and buffer layer were formed using slot-die coating and the Ag back electrode was formed via screen printing; this resulted in the design of OSC modules with inverted structures, which enabled cost-effective production. [32,33] Several particular challenges need to be considered in the manufacturing of this type of OSC modules using an R2R process; these included thermally treating the film [34,35] and ensuring the thermal stability of the substrate [36] the uniformity of the film morphology, [22][23][24] and the evaporation process of the buffer layer and the electrode. [3,25,26,37] The large-area flexible OSC modules have been reported their efficiencies with various materials and coating methods. In flexible unit-cells with small-area, Peng and co-workers recently reported high PCE of 14.06% introducing ternary heterojunction strategy in active area of 0.04 cm 2 . [38] The flexible OSC module based thermally evaporated top electrode reported relatively higher performances. Zhou and co-workers reported tandem structure with PCE of 6.5% in active area of 10.5 cm 2 , also, Ma and co-workers reported ternary structure with PCE of To ensure laboratory-to-industry transfer of next-generation energy harvesting organic solar cells (OSCs), it is necessary to develop flexible OSC modules that can be produced on a continuous roll-to-roll basis and to apply an allsolution process. In this study, nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs)-based donor polymer, SMD2, is newly designed and synthesized to continuously fabricate high-performance flexible OSC modules. Also, multifunctional hole transport layers (HTLs), WO 3 /HTL solar bilayer HTLs, are developed and applied via an all-solution process called "ProcessOne...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Level Matching and Internal Potential Of Htlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Energy Level Matching and Internal Potential Of Htlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaporation‐Free Nonfullerene Flexible Organic Solar Cell Modules Manufactured by An All‐Solution Process

Han

Jeon

Lee

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lopez-Fraguas et al have recently presented a class A solar simulator based on LEDs, but the uniform area was limited to 1 cm 2 [24]. Also Al-Ahmad et al [25] have developed a "large area" class A solar simulator (98% uniformity); however, the class A was limited to an area of 20 cm 2 , when extending to an area of 32 cm 2 the uniformity reduces to Class B (95% uniformity).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Cost High Intensity LED Illumination Device for High Uniformity Laboratory Purposes

D’Alessandro¹,

Maio²,

Mundo³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Uniform illumination is a key requirement in different research fields. However, this requirement is often difficult to achieve when high intensity is required at the same time. Recent advancements in LED lamps allow nowadays for compact and economical solutions. In this work we present a suitable solution for various laboratory purposes requiring stable, uniform and high intensity illumination. The system is composed of four identical high power white LED arrays of 30 mm diameter each, placed on a supporting and cooling structure having a minimum volume of 26 cm x 26 cm x 8 cm. A numerical model has been developed, based on a ray tracing software, in order to simulate the performances. These have then been experimentally validated with measurements of the power density map, carried out with a 1% uncertainty pyranometer. Data show that the built system is very stable over time and provides an illumination uniformity higher than 98%, on a surface of 50 mm radius, which reduces to 95% on a surface of 75 mm radius. The power density can be adjusted in the 390-1360 W m-2 range, not affecting uniformity.

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“…We are currently not aware of any LED lighting system that allows all of these variations with the required maximum irradiance, homogeneity, spectral distribution, irradiated area and required distance to the experimental plane that could implement this. In the literature, mostly LED solar simulators for solar cell research or for solar cell tests under laboratory conditions [30,31,32,33,34,35,36] are described. These devices have been developed speci cally for certain applications and with their technical possibilities and technical characteristics are not suitable for use as lighting ceilings in climate and phytotron chambers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproducing Solar Spectral Irradiance by LEDs

Kopatsch¹,

Kary²,

Özden³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different emission spectra is revolutionizing lighting technology and opening up completely new applications and research areas. The spectral irradiance of the sun reaching the Earth's surface is very complex due to radiative transfer processes within the atmosphere and ranges from the shortwave ultraviolet (UV) to longwave infrared (IR) radiation. The simulation of this spectral irradiance by artificial light sources is technically very demanding. It could be realized sufficiently so far by a combination of different light sources, mostly light bulbs, metal halide lamps and fluorescent tubes, in combination of different filters. In the present work, we are presenting a new LED Sun Simulator system, which allows simulating spectral irradiance close to natural solar spectral irradiance from 360 to 800 nm. The system generates the spectral irradiance by a combination of 23 different types of LED. The irradiance of each of the 23 different LED types can be separately controlled by software to modulate the spectra. In total, the system comprises 2,530 high-power LEDs mounted on 100 printed circuit boards (PCBs) / aluminum boards. With this system, an experimental area of one square meter can be homogeneously irradiated (irradiance with a mean variability of 2 % in the integrated range of 360 nm - 800 nm) at the distance of 1.6 m simulating the spectral irradiance of the standard reference spectrum of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM G173-03). At maximum, the LED lighting field can reach an irradiance of 2,500 W m-2, which is more than twice than that of the brightest sunlight in Central Europe. Thus, the new system opens up multiple new applications in many research areas ranging from photobiology to human health and environmental and material sciences.

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Modular LED arrays for large area solar simulation

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Evaporation‐Free Nonfullerene Flexible Organic Solar Cell Modules Manufactured by An All‐Solution Process

Evaporation‐Free Nonfullerene Flexible Organic Solar Cell Modules Manufactured by An All‐Solution Process

Low Cost High Intensity LED Illumination Device for High Uniformity Laboratory Purposes

Reproducing Solar Spectral Irradiance by LEDs

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