Modified Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Using Green Solvent for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Vegetable Samples

Abstract

According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), most of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) known as genotoxic human carcinogen and mutagenic. PAHs represent as poorly degradable pollutants that exist in soils, sediments, surface water and atmosphere. A simple, rapid and sensitive extraction method termed modified Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) using green solvent was developed to determine PAHs in vegetable samples namely radish, cabbage and cucumber prior to Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). The extraction method is based on replacing chlorinated organic extraction solvent in the conventional DLLME with low toxic solvent, 1-bromo-3-methylbutane without using dispersive solvent. Several experimental factors such as type and volume of extraction solvents, extraction time, confirmation of 12 PAHs by GC-MS, recovery percentages on vegetable samples and the comparative analysis with conventional DLLME were carried out. Both DLLME were successfully extracted 12 types of PAHs. In modified DLLME, the recoveries of the analytes obtained were in a range of 72.72 -88.07 % with RSD value below 7.5 % which is comparable to the conventional DLLME. The use of microliter of low toxic extraction solvent without addition of dispersive solvent caused the method is economic and environmental friendly which is fulfill the current requirement, green chemistry based analytical method.Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, modified dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, gas chromatography flame ionization detection Abstrak Menurut agensi antarabangsa bagi penyelidikan kanser (IARC), kebanyakan Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAHs) dikenali sebagai karsinogen genotoksik terhadap manusia dan mutagen. PAHs mewakili sebagai pencemar degradasi rendah yang wujud dalam tanah, enapan, air permukaan dan atmosfera. Satu kaedah pengekstrakan yang mudah, pantas dan sensitif yang digelar sebagai pengekstrakan mikro cecair -cecair serakan (DLLME) yang terubahsuai dengan pelarut hijau telah dibangunkan bagi penentuan PAHs dalam sampel sayur -sayuran iaitu lobak, kubis dan timun sebelum diukur menggunakan gas kromatografipengesan nyala pengionan (GC-FID). Kaedah pengekstrakan ini adalah berdasarkan penggantian pelarut pengekstrakan organik berklorin di dalam DLLME konvensional dengan pelarut rendah toksik, 1-bromo-3-metilbutana tanpa menggunakan pelarut penyebar. Beberapa factor eksperimen seperti jenis dan isipadu pelarut pengekstrakan, masa pengekstrakan, pengesahan 12

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric

“…However, the term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) refers to a group of over a hundred substances that are environmentally persistent organic molecules with a wide range of toxicity. A range of causes, like as transportation, industry, and household heating, contribute to their extensive diffusion in the environment [2]. Because of the vast spread of these compounds, they are monitored in a variety of environmental matrices around the world, including drinking water, waste water, soil, and hazardous waste extracts.…”