Modification in the Soil and Traffic-Related Sources of Particle Matter between 1998 and 2007 in Santiago de Chile

Moreno, Francisco Grimaldo; Gramsch, E.; Oyola, Pedro; Rubio, Marı́a A.

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.60.12.1410

Cited by 30 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Second, the relationship leveled off at high PBF consumption values, which occurred in the most recent years when there were cleaner fuels available and newer cars that boast cleaner emission profiles. This is consistent with findings from a factor analysis study, which showed that motor vehicles were becoming a less prominent source of PM 2.5 due to an improved vehicle fleet (Moreno et al, 2010). Therefore, it is plausible that each unit of PBF consumption was associated with lower PM 2.5 emissions in more recent years, leading to the weaker relationship at higher consumption levels.…”

Section: Impact Of Fuel Sales On Trendssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The meteorology-adjusted PM 2.5 concentrations were lower by 21.8 mg/m 3 in 2009/2010compared to 1998. While there was an overall steady decline in PM 2.5 levels in 1998 to 2010, there was a surge in annual concentrations between 2005 and 2008; during this period, annual adjusted PM 2.5 concentrations peaked in 2007, representing a total increase of 7.9 mg/m 3 in two consecutive years.…”

Section: Pm 25 Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 78%

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PM_2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

Jhun

Oyola²,

Moreno³

et al. 2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Improving air quality in Santiago has been a high priority for the Chilean government. In this paper, we examine trends of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) mass and species concentrations during the period 1998 to 2010 and explore the impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales on concentration changes. Smoothing spline functions were utilized to characterize and account for nonlinear relationships between pollutant concentrations and different parameters. Meteorology-adjusted PM 2.5 concentrations were lower by 21.8 µg/m 3 in 2010 compared to 1998. In this model, wind speed was the most important determinant of PM 2.5 levels. A decrease in 24-hr average wind speed below 1.0 m/s was associated with a significant increase in daily PM 2.5 levels, indicating a high sensitivity of PM 2.5 concentrations to the accumulation of local emissions. The same regression model framework was applied to examine the trends of lead, bromine, and sulfur concentrations. Removal of lead and bromine from gasoline achieved dramatic decreases in their atmospheric concentrations. Nonetheless, both elements continue to persist, likely in the form of PbBrCl. The reduction of diesel sulfur content from 1,500 to 50 ppm corresponded to a 32% decrease in particulate sulfur levels. Lastly, a surge in PM 2.5 was observed in [2005][2006][2007][2008]. Further regression analyses suggested this was prompted by a rise in monthly petroleum-based fuel sales.Implications: In this paper, we elucidate meteorology-adjusted trends of PM 2.5 mass and species concentrations in Santiago and assess the efficacy of fuel-related interventions, such as the removal of lead from gasoline and reduction of sulfur content in diesel. In addition, we explore the impact of fuel sales on PM 2.5 trends. Given that fuel consumption is likely to increase further in this rapidly growing city, understanding its impact on PM 2.5 trends can inform future air quality control efforts in Santiago.

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Section: Impact Of Fuel Sales On Trendssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Pm 25 Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 78%

PM_2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

Jhun

Oyola²,

Moreno³

et al. 2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The only components that seem to have increased in proportion after 2005 are organic and black carbon. This increase is consistent with the growth in the number of vehicles in Santiago de Chile (Moreno et al, 2010). It has to be noted that measurements of organic carbon in 2003 and 2005 were performed with thermo-optical methods (Ambient Carbon Particulate Monitor 5400, from Rupprecht and Patashnick Co.).…”

Section: Time Seriessupporting

confidence: 76%

Prevalence of Freshly Generated Particles during Pollution Episodes in Santiago de Chile

Gramsch

Reyes²,

Vásquez³

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A winter campaign was carried out in Santiago de Chile the year 2012 in two urban sites that can be considered representative for most of the city in order to characterize formation of primary and secondary PM 1.0 during episodes. One site is located in the campus of the University of Santiago and measurements were carried out with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor and a black carbon monitor. Another site is located in a large park, about 2 km south-east of the first site, measurements of CO, NO x , SO 2 , O 3 were done in this site. A noticeable increase in most of the primary components of PM 1.0 (black carbon and organics) and primary gases (CO and NO) was observed during days in which the average PM 1.0 concentration was higher than 50 µg m -3 (episode). A small increase or no change was observed in the secondary pollutants (NH 4 , NO 3 , SO 4 and NO 2 ) at night during these episodes. Positive Matrix Factorization was used to extract four components from the ACSM data: hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), low volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA) and semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA). The freshly generated components (HOA and BBOA) showed a clear increase at night during episodes, while the aged fraction of organic aerosol (LV-OOA and SV-OOA) showed a smaller increase or a decrease at night during episodes. Correlation of HOA and BBOA components with primary pollutants was also high, indicating that freshly created aerosols (HOA, BBOA and BC) are in large part responsible for the increase in pollution at night during episodes in Santiago de Chile.

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“…The level of knowledge concerning emission sources in Santiago is reasonable, but the emission profile is expected to be under continuous change as rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth is occurring at a fast pace. In previous studies, five factors have been identified to contribute significantly to PM 2.5 in Santiago de Chile: soil, motor vehicles, residual oil, sulfates and, to a smaller extent, in smaller contribution marine aerosols (Moreno et al, 2010). Regarding motor vehicles, about 42% of the Chilean vehicle fleet is concentrated in Santiago and it has also experienced a noticeable growth during the last five years (INE, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding motor vehicles, about 42% of the Chilean vehicle fleet is concentrated in Santiago and it has also experienced a noticeable growth during the last five years (INE, 2011). However, due to the stricter emission laws and improvements on vehicle technologies a decrease in the contribution of traffic has been noticed (Sax et al, 2007;Moreno et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Submicron Aerosol Particles in Santiago de Chile

Carbone

Saarikoski

Frey

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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High time resolution chemical characterization of submicron particles was carried out in the South American city of Santiago de Chile using the Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). The instrumentation operated for 100 days from August 17 th to November 23 rd 2011 in an urban station located inside the University of Santiago de Chile (USACH) campus. In addition, a semi-continuous OC/EC analyzer was also run in parallel with the ACSM for some of this time. Meteorological conditions varied along the studied period due to the transition from winter to spring time. Atmospheric temperature inversions were responsible for hourly average sub-micron particulate matter levels of up to 80 μg/m 3 , especially during the night time. The average submicron particle mass concentration (± standard deviation) for the whole period was 29.8 ± 25 μg/m 3 . Aerosol particles were composed mainly of organics 59%, followed by nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, black carbon and chloride with contributions of 14, 12, 8, 3 and 3%, respectively. Using positive matrix factorization, the organic fraction was divided into four distinct types of organic aerosol representing fresh automobile exhaust, biomass burning, and two oxygenated organic aerosol factors with different oxidation states. The transition from winter to spring was clearly seen in the composition of OA. The emissions from primary sources, such as vehicle and biomass burning, decreased in the period leading to spring, whereas the amount of oxygenated organic aerosol increased over the same time. This study shows that high time resolution measurements of aerosol chemical composition can lead to better characterizations of the evolution and sources of pollutants in an urban atmosphere.

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Modification in the Soil and Traffic-Related Sources of Particle Matter between 1998 and 2007 in Santiago de Chile

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

PM_2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

PM_2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

Prevalence of Freshly Generated Particles during Pollution Episodes in Santiago de Chile

Chemical Characterization of Submicron Aerosol Particles in Santiago de Chile

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Modification in the Soil and Traffic-Related Sources of Particle Matter between 1998 and 2007 in Santiago de Chile

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

PM2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

PM2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

Prevalence of Freshly Generated Particles during Pollution Episodes in Santiago de Chile

Chemical Characterization of Submicron Aerosol Particles in Santiago de Chile

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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PM_2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

PM_2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales