Several governments across the world have introduced a variety of instruments to enhance investor appetite for public private partnership (PPP) projects. This paper provides a comprehensive categorization of these instruments, the risks they target and their effects, at project and system level, to support policy makers to design the most appropriate instruments to attract private capital into infrastructure development.Keywords: PPP; guarantees; credit enhancement; infrastructure asset class; risk
Box -Impact:The use of financial instruments to attract investors into PPP projects may have significant fiscal and economic implications. Therefore, it is crucial for policy makers and public managers, working for local, national or supranational public organizations, to understand the options available, the mechanisms through which these instruments reduce investor risk, and the possible unintended effects. The paper, grounded in the analysis of the main trends in capital markets, offers a threefold categorization of PPP risks, which is a useful scheme to identify the risks that may be addressed with the policy instruments to sustain the PPP bankability.