Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal

Cattin, Rodolphe; Avouac, Jean-Philippe

doi:10.1029/2000jb900032

Cited by 339 publications

(324 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The disequilibrium induced by the very high level of the Ivrea Body, imbricated within the upper crust, is compensated to some degree by the presence of low-density sediments (d = 2.4) in the overlying Po plain. The rheological parameters have been fixed using laboratory experiments of deformation (Kirby and Kronenberg 1987;Cloetingh and Burov 1996) as well as comparison with other tectonic numerical models (e.g., Chéry et al 1990;Hassani and Chéry 1996;Burov et al 1999;Cattin and Avouac 2000). The analyses of the different models tested show that modifications of these parameters within realistic ranges do not alter the major patterns of the stress/strain states.…”

Section: D Crustal Cross-section Finite Element Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview

Sue

Delacou

Champagnac

et al. 2007

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

126

150

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The Western Alps' active tectonics is characterized by ongoing widespread extension in the highest parts of the belt and transpressive/compressive tectonics along its borders. We examine these contrasting tectonic regimes using a multidisciplinary approach including seismotectonics, numerical modeling, GPS, morphotectonics, fieldwork, and brittle deformation analysis. Extension appears to be the dominant process in the present-day tectonic activity in the Western Alps, affecting its internal areas all along the arc. Shortening, in contrast, is limited to small areas located along at the outer borders of the chain. Strike-slip is observed throughout the Alpine realm and in the foreland. The stress-orientation pattern is radial for r3 in the inner, extensional zones, and for r1 in the outer, transcurrent/tranpressional ones. Extensional areas can be correlated with the parts of the belt with the thickest crust. Quantification of seismic strain in tectonically homogeneous areas shows that only 10-20% of the geodesy-documented deformation can be explained by the Alpine seismicity. We propose that, Alpine active tectonics are ruled by isostasy/buoyancy forces rather than the ongoing shortening along the Alpine Europe/Adria collision zone. This interpretation is corroborated by numerical modeling. The Neogene extensional structures in the Alps formed under increasingly brittle conditions. A synthesis of paleostress tensors for the internal parts of the West-Alpine Arc documents major orogen-parallel extension with a continuous change in r3 directions from ENE-WSW in the Simplon area, to N-S in the Vanoise area and to NNW-SSE in the Briançon area. Minor orogen-perpendicular extension increases from N to S. This second signal correlates with the present-day geodynamics as revealed by focal-plane mechanisms analysis. The orogen-parallel extension could be related to the opening of the Ligurian Sea during the Early-Middle Miocene and to compression/ rotation of the Adriatic indenter inducing lateral extrusion.

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Section: D Crustal Cross-section Finite Element Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview

Sue

Delacou

Champagnac

et al. 2007

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

126

150

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“…Modellers commonly use generic viscosity contrasts or laboratory-derived flow laws under the assumption that they can be extrapolated over several orders of magnitude to geological conditions (e.g. Cattin and Avouac, 2000). An olivine-controlled rheology is commonly assumed for the upper mantle (Jackson, 2002), whereas the ductile parts of the crust are modelled using power-law creep equations describing crystal -plastic flow of quartz or feldspar (Bos and Spiers, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mullions in the High-Ardenne Slate Belt (Belgium): numerical model and parameter sensitivity analysis

Kenis

Urai

Zee

et al. 2004

Journal of Structural Geology

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In the High-Ardenne Slate Belt (Belgium), pre-existing layer-perpendicular quartz veins in psammite layers acted as mechanical boundaries due to the difference in competence between vein quartz and psammite. This caused the formation of mullions during layerparallel shortening. In this paper, the process of mullion formation is modelled using finite-element techniques. A parameter sensitivity analysis of the mullion model demonstrates that the stress exponent of psammite, the total horizontal shortening of the psammite layers, the initial aspect ratio of the psammite segments between the veins and the competence contrast between psammite and vein quartz are the controlling parameters for the shape of the mullions. Our results suggest that the morphology of the mullions can be used to constrain the rheology of psammite deforming in the middle crust. Moreover, the parameter sensitivity analysis illustrates the range of layer-parallel shortening/extension structures associated with layer-perpendicular quartz veins that can be expected in nature (e.g. dogbones, inverted mullions) and creates future perspective for the use of the model as a paleorheological gauge for these structures. q

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“…The MHT reaches the surface at the MFT (Nakata 1989) (Fig. 3), and the MHT is actually locked at the surface and roots about 100 km to the north of the MFT into a subhorizontal shear zone, which is probably thermally enhanced ductile flow (Cattin and Avouac 2000). Therefore, we set a receiver fault similar to the MHT and calculated the Coulomb stress change on that.…”

Section: Normal Fault Systems Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Coulomb stress changes in south Tibet (central Himalayas) due to the 25th April 2015 M W 7.8 Nepal earthquake using a Coulomb stress transfer model

Cheng

Meng

2016

Earthq Sci

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After M W 7.8 Nepal earthquake occurred, the rearrangement of stresses in the crust commonly leads to subsequent damaging earthquakes. We present the calculations of the coseismic stress changes that resulted from the 25th April event using models of regional faults designed according to south Tibet-Nepal structure, and show that some indicative significant stress increases. We calculate static stress changes caused by the displacement of a fault on which dislocations happen and an earthquake occurs. A M W 7.3 earthquake broke on 12 May at a distance of * 130 km SEE of the M W 7.8 earthquake, whose focus roughly located on high Coulomb stress change (CSC) site. Aftershocks (first 15 days after the mainshock) are associated with stress increase zone caused by the main rupture. We set receiver faults with specified strikes, dips, and rakes, on which the stresses imparted by the source fault are resolved. Four group normal faults to the north of the Nepal earthquake seismogenic fault were set as receiver faults and variant results followed. We provide a discussion on Coulomb stress transfer for the seismogenic fault, which is useful to identify potential future rupture zones.

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Modeling mountain building and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal

Cited by 339 publications

References 49 publications

Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview

Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview

Mullions in the High-Ardenne Slate Belt (Belgium): numerical model and parameter sensitivity analysis

Investigation of Coulomb stress changes in south Tibet (central Himalayas) due to the 25th April 2015 M W 7.8 Nepal earthquake using a Coulomb stress transfer model

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