Modeling and Controller Design of Battery/SC Electric Vehicles for Real-time Energy Management

Linear Parameter-Varying Model Predictive Control for Intelligent Energy Management in Battery/Supercapacitor Electric Vehicles

“…Psc(t) (6) where P L (t), is the load power or power demand, which can be computed using the EV powertrain model presented in [45]. The efficiency of the bi-directional dc-dc converter is given by (7).…”

“…where η dis and η cha are the efficiency factors of the bidirectional dc-dc converter during discharge (acceleration), I sc ≥ 0, and charge (braking), I sc < 0, defined in ( 8) and ( 9), respectively [45].…”

“…where R on1 and R on2 are the drain-source on-resistances of switches S 1 and S 2 when they are turned on; R D1 and R D2 , as well as V D1 and V D2 are the diodes D 1 and D 2 resistances and voltages when they conduct, respectively; t r is the diode reverse recovery time, Q r is the diode recovered charge; and f sw is the switching frequency (Fig. 1) [45].…”

“…The matrices F(k), ϕ(k) and ϕ d (k) require parameter information only at the current time-step, k. In this study, it is assumed that the speed at the next time-step is provided through the traffic model using V2V and V2I communications. The upcoming speed at the next time-step enables straightforward computation of the power demand at the next time-step, P L (k + 1|k), based on the EV powertrain model obtained in [45]. Thus, the vector P L,ref (k) = P L (k|k), P L (k + 1|k), .…”

“…The obtained QP optimization problem is solved using LPV-MPC, which is more accurate than LTI-MPC [32], and it does not have the complexity of nonlinear MPC. 3) A straightforward procedure for real-time modeling of a battery/SC EV, considering the efficiency factors of bidirectional dc-dc converters in charge and discharge modes, has been developed [44], [45]. The proposed framework can be used to evaluate different EMSs in real time.…”