Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation—a summary of long-term research

Gulson, Brian L.; Mizon, Karen J.; Korsch, Michael; Palmer, Jacqueline M.; Donnelly, John

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00355-8

Cited by 251 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…17 The source of lead in the infant's blood seems to be a mixture of approximately two thirds dietary and one third skeletal lead, as shown by studies that exploited the differences in lead isotopes stored in the bones of women migrating from Europe to Australia. 18 Although lead appears in human milk, the concentration is closer to plasma lead and much lower than blood lead, so little is transferred. Because infant formula and other foods for infants also contain lead, women with commonly encountered blood lead concentrations who breastfeed their infants expose them to slightly less lead than if they do not breastfeed.…”

Section: Transplacental Exposure and Lead In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management

Shannon¹,

Best²,

Binns³

et al. 2005

Pediatrics

230

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ABSTRACT. Fatal lead encephalopathy has disappeared and blood lead concentrations have decreased in US children, but approximately 25% still live in housing with deteriorated lead-based paint and are at risk of lead exposure with resulting cognitive impairment and other sequelae. Evidence continues to accrue that commonly encountered blood lead concentrations, even those less than 10 g/dL, may impair cognition, and there is no threshold yet identified for this effect. Most US children are at sufficient risk that they should have their blood lead concentration measured at least once. There is now evidence-based guidance available for managing children with increased lead exposure. Housing stabilization and repair can interrupt exposure in most cases. The focus in childhood lead-poisoning policy, however, should shift from case identification and management to primary prevention, with a goal of safe housing for all children.

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Section: Transplacental Exposure and Lead In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management

Shannon¹,

Best²,

Binns³

et al. 2005

Pediatrics

230

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For lead toxicity monitoring and the identification of endogenous and exogenous lead exposure, combining with environment media samples, matrixes including deciduous teeth (Gulson et al, , 2004, bone Gulson et al, 2003), urine (Gulson et al, 2000;Manton et al, 2000), and blood (Gulson et al, 2001(Gulson et al, , 2006 were studied. Considering the feasibility of sample collection and analysis in environmental health investigation, whole blood lead level is regarded as the most representative indicator of the current environmental and body lead contamination level (Barbosa et al, 2005;Batariova et al, 2006;Gil et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2009;Yan et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic ratio based source apportionment of children's blood lead around coking plant area

Cao

Duan

Zhao

et al. 2014

Environment International

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Lead exposure in the environment is a major hazard affecting human health, particularly for children. The blood lead levels in the local children living around the largest coking area in China were measured, and the source of blood lead and the main pathways of lead exposure were investigated based on lead isotopic ratios ( 207 Pb/ 206 Pb and 208 Pb/ 206 Pb) in blood and in a variety of media, including food, airborne particulate matter, soil, dust and drinking water. The children's blood lead level was 5.25 (1.59 to 34.36 as range) μg dL −1 , lower than the threshold in the current criteria of China defined by the US Centers for Disease Control (10 μg dL −1 ). The isotopic ratios in the blood were 2.111 ± 0.018 for 208 Pb/ 206 Pb and 0.864 ± 0.005 for 207 Pb/ 206 Pb, similar to those of vegetables, wheat, drinking water, airborne particulate matter, but different from those of vehicle emission and soil/dust, suggesting that the formers were the main pathway of lead exposure among the children. The exposure pathway analysis based on the isotopic ratios and the human health risk assessment showed that dietary intake of food and drinking water contributed 93.67% of total exposed lead. The study further indicated that the coal used in the coking plant is the dominant pollution source of lead in children's blood.

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“…Most of the body Pb resides in the skeleton (Barry, 1975), which may offer protection to other tissues, but can also be a long-term source of Pb transfer to other tissues under conditions of bone resorption. For example, demineralization of bone in postmenopausal women can increase blood Pb (BPb) levels by 25% (Silbergeld et al, 1988), whereas the high bone turnover associated with pregnancy and lactation increases Pb levels in blood and breast milk (Gulson et al, 2003;Manton et al, 2003). Also, the high bone turnover associated with semi-starvation increases BPb levels in Pbexposed rats (Han et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead levels and bone turnover with weight reduction in women

Riedt

Buckley

Brolin

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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High bone turnover states are known to raise blood lead levels (BPb). Caloric restriction will increase bone turnover, yet it remains unknown if weight reduction increases BPb due to mobilization of skeletal stores. We measured whole blood Pb levels ( 206 Pb) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 73 women (age 24-75 years; BMI 23-61 kg/m 2 ) before and after 6 months of severe weight loss (S-WL), moderate weight loss (M-WL), or weight maintenance (WM). Baseline BPb levels were relatively low at 0.2-6.0 mg/dl, and directly associated with age (r ¼ 0.49, Po0.0001). After severe WL (À37.4 ± 9.3 kg, n ¼ 17), BPb increased by 2.1 ± 3.9 mg/dl (Po0.05), resulting in BPb levels of 1.3-12.5 mg/dl. M-WL (À5.6 ± 2.7 kg, n ¼ 39) and WM (0.3±1.3 kg, n ¼ 17) did not result in an increase in BPb levels (0.5±3.2 and 0.0±0.7 mg/dl, M-WL and WM, respectively). BPb levels increased more with greater WL (r ¼ 0.24, Po0.05). Bone turnover markers increased only with severe WL and were directly correlated with WL. At baseline, higher calcium intake was associated with lower BPb (r ¼ À0.273, Po0.02), however, this association was no longer present after 6 months. Severe weight reduction in obese women increases skeletal bone mobilization and BPb, but values remain well below levels defined as Pb overexposure.

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Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation—a summary of long-term research

Cited by 251 publications

References 50 publications

Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management

Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management

Isotopic ratio based source apportionment of children's blood lead around coking plant area

Blood lead levels and bone turnover with weight reduction in women

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