Firms are influenced by internal factors (resources and capabilities) and external factors (e.g., regulation) when taking the decision to eco-innovate. However, the analysis of the internal factors has received much less attention than the external ones. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing the role of resources, competences and dynamic capabilities (RCCs) as determinants (drivers and barriers) of different eco-innovation (EI) types. Those EI types contribute differently to the sustainable transition of the economy and society, i.e., towards the Circular Economy. The statistical analyses reveal that RCCs are quite relevant as determinants of EIs and that different RCCs are more or less relevant for different EI types. In particular, the determinants of systemic and radical EIs substantially differ from those for continuous improvements. Our results suggest that physical RCCs, involvement in green supply chains, an EI-friendly corporate culture, technology-push and market-pull and internal financing resources represent drivers to these EIs, whereas cooperation, organizational learning, an ISO ecological certification and technological path dependency are barriers. The results may guide firms to pursue competitive and sustainable advantage by innovating through certain EI types corresponding to available and dedicated RCCs. They may also be useful to policy makers who are willing to promote specific EI types.