Mitochondrialcoxsequences ofNilaparvata lugensandSogatella furcifera(Hemiptera, Delphacidae): low specificity among Asian planthopper populations

Abstract

The brown planthoppers (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and the white-backed planthoppers (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) annually migrate from tropical and subtropical regions to temperate regions in Asia, including Japan, Korea and northern China. To elucidate the genetic divergence based on geography of planthoppers and to estimate their migration route on the basis of molecular data, we analysed a part of their mitochondrial genome sequences. Sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) - transfer RNA for Leu (trnL2) - cox2 were determined for 579 BPH (1,928 bp) and 464 WBPH (1,927 bp) individuals collected from 31 and 25 locations, respectively, in East and Southeast Asia. Thirty and 20 mitochondrial haplotypes were detected for BPH and WBPH, respectively. Single populations of both planthoppers included multiple haplotypes, and many haplotypes were shared in some populations and areas. The most frequently detected haplotypes accounted for approximately 50% of all BPH and WBPH individuals. To evaluate gene flow among planthoppers in different regions in Asia, pairwise fixation index (Fst) values were calculated. For BPH, high Fst values (0.580-0.926) were shown between planthoppers in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the other areas and moderate Fst values (0.176-0.362) were observed between those in southern Philippines and other areas. For WBPH, the Fst value was the highest between Taiwan and southern Vietnam (0.236), and low among the other areas. AMOVA indicated no genetic structure among eight areas, excluding southern Philippines and PNG, for BPH, and among ten areas for WBPH. These data indicate that both planthoppers do not show much differentiation of local populations and/or have genetically intermixed Asian populations. These data also indicate that it may be difficult to distinguish regional planthopper populations on the basis of differences in mitochondrial sequences.

Study of the long-distance migration of small brown planthoppersLaodelphax striatellusin China using next-generation sequencing

“…Extensive studies on the genetic differences among L. striatellus populations from different regions have been conducted, and there is a debate as to whether the differences can provide a theoretical basis for geographical division . No conclusive conclusions have been drawn as to whether different L. striatellus populations are significantly different and whether their structure is affected by migration.…”

“…In the present study, more than 2500 SNPs were detected between 14 populations of L. striatellus , and a quarter of the SLAF markers were polymorphic, which suggests that the observed genetic diversity of L. striatellus in China is rich. However, low genetic diversity has been indicated by a range of studies in the mitochondrial COI and COII genes . One reason might be that the genome of mitochondria is evolutionarily conserved in L. striatellus ; another possibility is that more diversity would be detected with high‐throughput sequencing technology.…”

“…Genetic polymorphism among different L. striatellus populations has been studied . There is debate as to whether L. striatellus populations have significant differences, and whether the population structure is significantly affected by migration.…”

“…The results indicated that significant differences could be found among the tested populations; the long‐range dispersal of L. striatellus did not have a large effect on its population structure owing to irregular migration . Nevertheless, mitochondrial DNA sequences and RAPD analysis showed that there was less differentiation among planthopper populations from different geographical regions . The genome sequencing of L. striatellus has not been completed yet, and markers are limited for polymorphism identification.…”

Isolation, characterization, and cross-transferability of microsatellite markers from the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera)

“…Previously, the genetic basis for wing dimorphism was studied, and an internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal RNA and cox sequences of the mitochondrion were used to distinguish regional populations (Matsumura, 1996;Fu et al, 2012;Matsumoto et al, 2013). In two other planthoppers, the smaller brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, and the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, many molecular markers have been used to study the population ecology and evolution, but none have been used to study S. furcifera (Jing et al, 2012a,b;Sun et al, 2012;Jairin et al, 2013).…”