Mitochondria and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: Lessons learned from the past to improve future therapy

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) is a common complication of CKD Stages 3-5. Hyperphosphatemia is one of the major metabolic components of CKD-MBD, frequently resulting in vascular calcification (VC) in advanced-stage patients. Also, a long duration of renal replacement therapy can cause the worsening of VC, leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Vascular smooth muscle cells play an important role in the development of VC through osteochondrogenic transformation and the apoptotic process. It has been shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved with CKD progression, and excessive oxidative stress can aggravate osteoblastic transformation and VC. Currently, novel interventions targeting mitochondrial function and dynamics, in addition to mitochondrial antioxidants, have been studied with the aim of attenuating VC. This review aims to comprehensively summarize and discuss the experimental and clinical reports concerning mitochondrial studies, along with the purpose of interventions that can improve the outcomes of VC among CKD patients.

Establishment and evaluation of a nomogram prediction model for the risk of vascular calcification in stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients

“…CKD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease, and its poor prognostic outcome is also associated with CKD-MBD. According to studies, endothelial dysfunction, atrial stiffness, and vascular calcification are all significantly influenced by CKD-MBD 20 . In this study, Age, BUN, SUA, P, and TG were identified as independent risk factors for vascular calcification in patients with CKD5.…”

Elevated red blood cell count levels are associated with increased vascular calcifcation in hemodialysis patients

“…Recently, a large number of reports have shown that vascular calci cation is an active and highly regulated complex pathological process similar to bone development (12). Vascular calci cation is mainly characterized by increased stiffness and decreased compliance of the vascular wall, accompanied by hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic kidney disease, which is one of the important reasons for the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (13)(14).…”

Establishment and evaluation of a nomogram prediction model for the risk of vascular calcification in stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients

“…CKD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease, and its poor prognostic outcome is also associated with CKD-MBD. According to studies, endothelial dysfunction, atrial stiffness, and vascular calci cation are all signi cantly in uenced by CKD-MBD 20 . In this study, Age, BUN, SUA, P, and TG were identi ed as independent risk factors for vascular calci cation in patients with CKD5.…”