Mitigating the risk of wind damage at the forest landscape level by using stand neighbourhood and terrain elevation information in forest planning

Abstract

Wind damage and the bark beetle outbreaks associated with it are major threats to non-declining, long-term wood production in boreal forests. We studied whether the risk of wind damage in a forested landscape could be decreased by using stand neighbourhood information in conjunction with terrain elevation information. A reference management plan minimized the differences in canopy height at stand boundaries and did not utilize information on the topography of the terrain, overlooking the possibility that the risk of windthrow may depend on the elevation of the terrain. Alternative management plans were developed by using four different weighting schemes when minimizing differences in canopy height at stand boundaries: (1) no weight (reference); (2) mean terrain elevation at the stand boundary; (3) deviation of the mean elevation of the boundary from the mean elevation of the terrain within a 100-m radius and (4) multipliers that described the effect of topography on wind speed at the stand boundary. For each management plan, we calculated the total number of at-risk trees and the total area of vulnerable stand edge. These statistics were based on the calculated critical wind speeds needed to uproot trees in stand edge zones. Minimization of the weighted mean of canopy height differences between adjacent stands resulted in homogeneous landscapes in terms of canopy height. Continuous cover management was often preferred instead of rotation management due to smaller canopy height differences between adjacent stands and its economical superiority. The best weighting scheme for calculating the mean canopy height difference between adjacent stands was the deviation between the mean elevation of the boundary and the mean elevation of the terrain within 100 m of the boundary. However, the differences between the weighting schemes were small. It was found that reasonably simple methods, based on a digital terrain model, a stand map, and the canopy heights of stands, could be used in forest planning to minimize the risk of wind damage. Validation against actual wind damages is required to assess the reliability of the results and to further develop the methodology presented.

Landscape configuration and storm characteristics drive spatial patterns of wind disturbance in boreal forest landscapes

“…While the importance of landscape configuration on disturbance occurrence and extent has long been recognized (Turner 1989) and empirically demonstrated for certain disturbances such as fire (Niklasson and Granström 2000;Pinto et al 2020), its effect on the spatial patterns of wind disturbance has remained unquantified. Instead, recent research has mostly focused on identifying the drivers of wind disturbance susceptibility at individual tree (Schmidt et al 2010;Zanotto et al 2024) and stand scales (Ruotsalainen et al 2023), as well as Vol:. ( 1234567890)…”