Mistletoes: Pathology, Systematics, Ecology, and Management

Mathiasen, Robert L.; Nickrent, Daniel L.; Shaw, David C.; Watson, David M.

doi:10.1094/pdis-92-7-0988

Cited by 247 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(178 reference statements)

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“…Host specifi city is a composite measure of the number of host species mistletoe parasitizes and its relative abundance on these parasitized hosts (Mathiasen et al 2008). Th e majority of mistletoe species are host-generalists but still show preference for a particular host species.…”

Section: Mistletoe-host Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mistletoes are shoot parasites of plant species (Kuijt 1969;Calder & Bernhardt 1983;Press & Grave 1995;Norton & Carpenter 1998;Watson 2001;Mathiasen et al 2008;Arruda et al 2009). Th e majority of mistletoes are hemiparasites (partially parasitic), presenting leaves and producing their own photoassimilates, while obtaining water and nutrients through their haustoria (Kuijt 1969;Calder & Bernhardt 1983;Kuijt 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemiparasite species parasitize the xylem of their hosts, while holoparasites (totally parasitic) are phloem parasites (Kuijt 1969;Calder & Bernhardt 1983;Kuijt 2009). Although there is a vast body of literature on mistletoes, little is known about their natural history and ecology in the Neotropics (Mathiasen et al 2008;Arruda et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Th e natural history and ecology of mistletoes have been studied regularly in temperate countries because they are pests to cultivated plants and forest plantations (Norton & Carpenter 1998;Mathiasen et al 2008;Arruda et al 2009). Preliminary investigations aimed to quantify the eff ects of mistletoe presence on host growth and to describe the processes of seed dispersal and seedling establishment (e.g., Hudler et al 1979;Calder & Bernhardt 1983;Th omson & Mahall 1983;Davidar 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that a diverse assemblage of mistletoes exists in the Neotropics, both basic and applied studies are still incipient as compared to countries such as the United States, New Zealand and Australia (Norton & Reid 1997;Watson 2001). According to Mathiasen et al (2008), mistletoes are investigated in three lines of research. Th e fi rst is the study of mistletoes' eff ects on wildlife, mainly on their role as nesting sites for birds (e.g., Cooney et al 2006;Barea 2008;Cooney & Watson 2008) (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems

et al. 2012

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Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems RESUMO (Ecologia de ervas-de-passarinho Neotropicais: um importante componente do dossel de ecossistemas brasileiros). Ervas-de-passarinho têm sim sido regularmente estudadas em países temperados por afetar negativamente espécies cultivadas e fl orestas manejadas. Em comparação com ambientes temperados pouco se conhece sobre a ecologia das ervas-de-passarinho neotropicais. Desta forma, é necessário maior conhecimento sobre o grupo porque são importantes elementos de comunidades vegetais, atuando como recurso-chave para polinizadores, dispersores de sementes e herbívoros. Através de uma combinação de trabalhos clássicos já publicados com evidências empíricas recentes, nós apresentamos padrões emergentes da interação entre ervas-de-passarinho com os organismos associados e questionamentos para estudos adicionais. Existe um crescente interesse neste grupo no Brasil. E embora existam informações sobre dispersão de sementes, estudos sobre biologia reprodutiva são raros e representam um campo a ser explorado. O conhecimento da biologia básica das ervas-de-passarinho será relevante para modelar sua distribuição espacial usando uma abordagem metapopulacional ou epidemiológica. Nesta revisão nós sumarizamos os principais estudos conduzidos na região Neotropical para fornecer um panorama atual das pesquisas desenvolvidas, bem como novas ideias para futuras investigações, especialmente no Brasil. Palavras ABSTRACT(Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems). Mistletoes have been studied in temperate countries regularly because they can be pests of cultivated plants and forest plantations. In comparison with temperate habitats, little is known about the ecology of mistletoes in the Neotropics. More emphasis should be given to neotropical mistletoes because they could be important elements of plant communities, acting as key resources for pollinators, seed dispersers and herbivores. Using a combination of fi ndings from early mistletoe studies and empirical evidence from several recent case studies, we report emerging patterns of mistletoe interactions with associated organisms and propose aims for further studies. Th ere has been increasing interest in working with mistletoes in Brazil. Although there are some data on the ecology of mistletoe seed dispersal, reproductive biology studies are scarce and represent a wide range of fi eldwork to be explored. Knowledge of the basic biology of mistletoes will be very important for modeling their spatial distribution using metapopulation or epidemiological approaches. In this review, we summarize the studies conducted in the neotropical region in order to provide a framework for current research and new ideas for future investigations of mistletoes, especially in Brazil. Revisão / ReviewActa bot. bras. 26(2): 264-274. 2012.Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems

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Section: Mistletoe-host Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems

et al. 2012

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Santalales (Including Mistletoes)

Nickrent

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Mistletoes are flowering plants in the sandalwood order (Santalales) that parasitise tree branches. They evolved five separate times in the order and are today represented by 88 genera and nearly 1600 species. Loranthaceae ( c . 1000 species) and Viscaceae (550 species) have the highest species diversity. In South America Misodendrum (a parasite of Nothofagus ) is the first to have evolved the mistletoe habit ca. 80 million years ago. The family Amphorogynaceae is of interest because some of its members are transitional between root and stem parasites. Many mistletoes have developed mutualistic relationships with birds that act as both pollinators and seed dispersers. Although some mistletoes are serious pathogens of forest and commercial trees (e.g. Arceuthobium ), the vast majority are benign and in some cases beneficial to humans (e.g. Viscum album for anticancer drugs). Mistletoes play important roles in many forest ecosystems and their loss results in decreases in faunal diversity, thus making them keystone species. Key Concepts: A mistletoe is a branch parasite in the sandalwood order (Santalales). Mistletoes have evolved from root parasitic ancestors five times independently in five different families: Misodendraceae, Loranthaceae, Santalaceae, Amphorogynaceae and Viscaceae. The first lineage to evolve the mistletoe habit is Misodendrum , a South American parasite on southern hemisphere beech ( Nothofagus ). Most mistletoe species are found in the families Loranthaceae ( c . 1000 species) and Viscaceae (550 species). Loranthaceae evolved on the Gondwanan supercontinent and subsequently spread from Antarctica to South America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa. Many mistletoes have developed mutualistic relationships with birds that serve as both pollinators and seed dispersers. Some mistletoes such as Arceuthobium are important pathogens of forest trees, whereas most are beneficial and even keystone species in forest ecosystems.

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Parasitic Plants

Rubiales¹,

Heide-Jørgensen²

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Parasitic flowering plants exploit other flowering plants for water and nutrients by specialised structures called haustoria. Part of the haustorium, the intrusive organ, penetrates host tissue to establish contact with the conductive tissue of the host. Parasitic plants occur throughout the world in all types of plant communities except the aquatic. Generally, the parasite weakens the host so it produces fewer flowers and viable seeds or the value as timber is reduced. However, some parasites, mostly annual root parasites belonging to Orobanchaceae, may kill the host and cause considerable economic damage when attacking monocultures in agriculture, and much effort is done to control these harmful parasites. Key Concepts: Parasitic plants exploit other plants for water and nutrients by help of haustoria. Host penetration is a result of pressure combined with enzymatic disintegration of cell membranes (plasmalemma) and host cell walls. A xylem bridge is the most general anatomical character of the haustorium. Translocation of water and nutrients is always from host to parasite. The host range is high for most parasitic plants. Evolution of the primary haustorium made holoparasitism possible. A few species of parasitise crops are becoming weeds of huge economic importance.

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Mistletoes: Pathology, Systematics, Ecology, and Management

Cited by 247 publications

References 136 publications

Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems

Ecology of neotropical mistletoes: an important canopy-dwelling component of Brazilian ecosystems

Santalales (Including Mistletoes)

Parasitic Plants

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