“…Host noncoding RNAs ( ncRNAs ), including long noncoding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) and miRNAs, play important roles in multiple biological processes during viral infection, including apoptosis, host metabolism, immunity and inflammatory responses, or viral life-cycle phases ( Liu and Ding, 2017 ; Trobaugh and Klimstra, 2017 ; Lu et al, 2020 ; Monsanto-Hearne and Johnson, 2020 ). For examples, LncRNA MEG3 ameliorates respiratory syncytial virus infection by suppressing TLR4 signaling ( Tao et al, 2018 ); LINC00173 TSV1 and TSV2 are upregulated during HIV-1 infection and contribute to the regulation of viral transcription ( Chang et al, 2011 ; Mohammadi et al, 2013 ; Postler et al, 2017 ; Trypsteen et al, 2016 ); miR-21-3p regulates influenza A virus replication by targeting histone deacetylase-8 ( Xia et al, 2018 ); miR-30 inhibits influenza virus infection by suppressing the expression of SOCS1, SOCS3, and NEDD4 ( Lin et al, 2020 ).…”