Miniaturized reference electrodes with stainless steel internal reference elements

Wilburn, Jeremy P.; Ciobanu, Mădălina; Buss, Nicholas; Franceschetti, Donald R.; Löwy, Daniel A.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.01.059

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Solid-contact ISEs for trace-level analysis have already been demonstrated by several groups. ,− ,,− , When such powerful ion sensors are combined with solid-state reference electrodes, ,− mass-producible miniaturized ion-sensor systems with unforeseen analytical capabilities are within reach. Deep theoretical understanding based on advanced modeling of the potentiometric response will definitely boost this development.…”

Section: New Wavementioning

confidence: 99%

Potentiometric Ion Sensors

Bobacka

Ivaska²,

Lewenstam³

2008

Chem. Rev.

863

677

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Section: New Wavementioning

confidence: 99%

Potentiometric Ion Sensors

Bobacka

Ivaska²,

Lewenstam³

2008

Chem. Rev.

863

677

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“…This RE can provide a stable potential in practical measurement, and the measurement results are as good as a commercial Ag/AgCl RE. In this study, the characteristics of our prepared RE were compared with other methods [28][29][30]32 and the results are shown in Table II.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we attached polypyrrole to an ITO glass substrate to fabricate a miniaturized RE. In previous work, [28][29][30][31][32][33] an all-solid-state screen-printed technology, stainless steel, iridium oxide, polyelectrolyte, and polymeric junction membrane was used to fabricate REs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Polypyrrole-Conducting Polymer and Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes Used for Ruthenium Dioxide pH Electrode

Liao¹,

Chou

2008

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A laboratory-made conducting polymer reference electrode ͑CPRE͒ was developed using polypyrrole coated onto indium tin oxide by the electroplating technique and used as the miniaturized reference electrode ͑RE͒ for a ruthenium dioxide ͑RuO 2 ͒ ion-selective electrode device in electrochemical hydrogen ion measurements. Ruthenium dioxide thin films were deposited by a radio frequency sputtering method, and the sensing characteristics of RuO 2 were measured with a CPRE and an Ag/AgCl RE. Subsequently, the selectivity coefficients ͑K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and NH 4+ ͒ of the ruthenium dioxide thin film with the CPRE were investigated. Furthermore, we also compared the sensing characteristics ͑such as: pH sensitivity, drift rate, hysteresis width, and response time͒ of the RuO 2 thin-film pH electrode with a commercial Ag/AgCl RE and the laboratory-made CPRE. The experimental results demonstrated that the sensing characteristics of the RuO 2 pH electrode measured with the laboratory-made CPRE are superior to the Ag/AgCl RE, and the size of the CPRE can be efficiently miniaturized compared to a commercial Ag/AgCl RE.Thin films of pH electrode have been investigated during the past 30 years. Dozens of metallic oxides were used as the thin-film materials for pH electrodes, on which should be possible to form a well-oxidized homogeneous substrate surface. Fog and Buck 1 reported that a number of metal oxides, including RuO 2 , PtO 2 , TiO 2 , OsO 2 , IrO 2 , RhO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , and SnO 2 , were produced either from powders or from oxidation of the metal. RuO 2 thin films have been synthesized using many deposition techniques, e.g., radio frequency ͑rf͒ sputtering, 2-6 sol gel, 7,8 chemical vapor deposition, 9,10 atomic vapor deposition, 11 and screen-printing. 12-15 Reference electrodes ͑REs͒ are very important in that they offer a constant potential during the whole electrochemical measurement process. Furthermore, one of the developmental trends of electrochemical sensors and biosensors is miniaturization. These electrochemical sensors and biosensors use either potentiometric or amperometric measurement and need a RE to obtain a constant potential. However, a commercial Ag/AgCl RE is too large to be miniaturized, and thus an important topic is how to make a miniaturized RE and reduce the size of the electrochemical hydrogen ion measurement system.Polypyrrole is a highly conducting polymer, and the thin and plastic properties of polypyrrole films lend them to many applications, such as pseudoreference electrodes, 16 pH sensors, 17-19 and biosensors. 20-27 Pan et al. 17 have presented a polypyrrole/ SnO 2 /indium tin oxide ͑ITO͒ glass structure as a contrast pH sensor to fabricate a complete solid-state pH-sensing device. The electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole has the advantage of being a simple process which can be applied to mass production at low cost. For pH sensing, we require a stable RE in aqueous solution that offers a constant potential in the measurement system. The miniaturization of the RE is very im...

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“…On the other hand, various non-silicon-based (e.g. conventional glass tube-based and PDMS-based) miniaturized reference electrodes (MREs) have been continuously developed in the last decade and performed very good electrochemical characteristics [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The physical size of MREs is about tenfold more than that of JlREs and their fabrication processes are not compatible with the silicon-based microfabrication technology, which limits their integration with electronic circuits and the development of system-on-a-chip (SOC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on wafer-level packaging and electrochemical characterization of planar AgCl micro reference electrode

Huang

Hsieh

Chu

2009

2009 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering

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This study proposes a novel chip-level packaged planar Ti/Pd/AglAgCIIKCI-gel micro reference electrode for the electrochemical and biomedical sensing applications. The miniaturized reference electrode is constructed by two wafers ("Ti/Pd/AglAgCI quasi reference electrode wafer" and "KCI-gel cap sealing wafer") and with a total dimension of only 9 mm (L) x 6 mm (W) x 1 mm (H). hundredfold less than the commercial Ag/AgCI reference electrode (OD = 12 mm). Many excellent characteristics were demonstrated by the optimized encapsulated solid-state micro reference electrode, including a very stable cell potential (5 mV drift voltage in 30,000 s), an approximately zero offset-voltage, a very low impedance « 1.50 k!!) and phase shift «8.98 0) at normal operation frequency range (0-1 kHz), and a low electro-chemical noise spectrum.

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Miniaturized reference electrodes with stainless steel internal reference elements

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

Potentiometric Ion Sensors

Potentiometric Ion Sensors

Comparison of Polypyrrole-Conducting Polymer and Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes Used for Ruthenium Dioxide pH Electrode

Study on wafer-level packaging and electrochemical characterization of planar AgCl micro reference electrode

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