Milk Drinking and Mortality: Findings From the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

Wang, Chaochen; Yatsuya, Hiroshi; Koji, Takehiko; Iso, Hiroyasu; Tamakoshi, Akiko

doi:10.2188/jea.je20140081

Cited by 39 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…There is mixed evidence from prospective studies concerning a role of dairy food consumption in mortality risk (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). Consistent with our results, in the Whitehall II Study (21), higher consumption of dairy products was associated with reduced all-cause mortality risk in comparison with the lowest intake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Dairy Food Intake and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality

Farvid¹,

Malekshah²,

Pourshams³

et al. 2017

American Journal of Epidemiology

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We investigated the association between dairy product consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in the Golestan Cohort Study, a prospective cohort study launched in January 2004 in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. A total of 42,403 men and women participated in the study and completed a diet questionnaire at enrollment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We documented 3,291 deaths (1,467 from CVD and 859 from cancer) during 11 years of follow-up (2004-2015). The highest quintile of total dairy product consumption (versus the lowest) was associated with 19% lower all-cause mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.91; P trend = 0.006) and 28% lower CVD mortality risk (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.86; P trend = 0.005). High consumption of low-fat dairy food was associated with lower risk of all-cause (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.94; P trend = 0.002) and CVD (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.89; P trend = 0.001) mortality. We noted 11% lower all-cause mortality and 16% lower CVD mortality risk with high yogurt intake. Cheese intake was associated with 16% lower all-cause mortality and 26% lower CVD mortality risk. Higher intake of high-fat dairy food and milk was not associated with all-cause or CVD mortality. Neither intake of individual dairy products nor intake of total dairy products was significantly associated with overall cancer mortality. High consumption of dairy products, especially yogurt and cheese, may reduce the risk of overall and CVD mortality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Dairy Food Intake and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality

Farvid¹,

Malekshah²,

Pourshams³

et al. 2017

American Journal of Epidemiology

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“…Studies that have investigated dairy intake as a primary or secondary exposure in relation to all-cause mortality have been either conflicting (5,6,19,38,39) or did not study the effects of single dairy foods (4,9,40). Therefore, we believe that our results contribute to the understanding of the different associations of single dairy-food products and health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Nonfermented milk and other dairy products: associations with all-cause mortality,

Tognon¹,

Shungin

Lissner³

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: A positive association between nonfermented milk intake and increased all-cause mortality was recently reported, but overall, the association between dairy intake and mortality is inconclusive. Objective: We studied associations between intake of dairy products and all-cause mortality with an emphasis on nonfermented milk and fat content. Design: A total of 103,256 adult participants (women: 51.0%) from Northern Sweden were included (7121 deaths; mean follow-up: 13.7 y). Associations between all-cause mortality and reported intakes of nonfermented milk (total or by fat content), fermented milk, cheese, and butter were tested with the use of Cox proportional hazards models that were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, education, energy intake, examination year, and physical activity. To circumvent confounding, Mendelian randomization was applied in a subsample via the lactase LCT-13910 C/T single nucleotide polymorphism that is associated with lactose tolerance and milk intake. Results: High consumers of nonfermented milk ($2.5 times/d) had a 32% increased hazard (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.48) for all-cause mortality compared with that of subjects who consumed milk #1 time/wk. The corresponding value for butter was 11% (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.21). All nonfermented milk-fat types were independently associated with increased HRs, but compared with full-fat milk, HRs were lower in consumers of medium-and low-fat milk. Fermented milk intake (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.94) and cheese intake (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.96) were negatively associated with mortality. Results were slightly attenuated by lifestyle adjustments but were robust in sensitivity analyses. Mortality was not significantly associated with the LCT-13910 C/T genotype in the smaller subsample. The amount and type of milk intake was associated with lifestyle variables. Conclusions: In the present Swedish cohort study, intakes of nonfermented milk and butter are associated with higher all-cause mortality, and fermented milk and cheese intakes are associated with lower all-cause mortality. Residual confounding by lifestyle cannot be excluded, and Mendelian randomization needs to be examined in a larger sample.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1502-11.

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“…After decennia of promotion by governements and by advertising campaigns, milk has acquired a “healthy” image for the public, and has become considered as being a natural component of a healthy diet. For example, four prospective studies [10, 13, 33, 44] found lower prevalences of smokers in milk drinkers, and two [13, 44] found higher physical activity and education in daily milk consumers. As a result, it can not be ruled out that high milk consumption would be part of a health conscious behavioural cluster, which will be difficult to correct in multivariate analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily milk consumption and all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies

2016

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BackgroundObservational studies and meta-analyses relating milk consumption by adults to all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke have obtained contradictory results. Some studies found a protective effect of milk consumption, whilst other found an increased risk.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search until June 2015 on prospective studies that looked at milk consumption, all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed with dose-response.ResultsTwenty-one studies involving 19 cohorts were included in this meta-analysis, 11 on all-cause mortality, 9 on coronary heart disease, and 10 on stroke. Milk intake ranged from 0 to 850 mL/d. The summary relative risk (SRR) for 200 mL/d milk consumption was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.96–1.06) for all-cause mortality, 1.01 (95% CI: 0.98–1.05) for fatal and non fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82–1.02) for fatal and non fatal stroke. Stratified analyses by age, Body Mass Index, total energy intake and physical acitivity did not alter the SRR estimates. The possibility of publication bias was found for all cause mortality and for stroke, indicating a gap in data that could have suggested a higher risk of these conditions with increased milk consumption.ConclusionsWe found no evidence for a decreased or increased risk of all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke associated with adult milk consumption. However, the possibility cannot be dismissed that risks associated with milk consumption could be underestimated because of publication bias.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3889-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Milk Drinking and Mortality: Findings From the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

Cited by 39 publications

References 45 publications

Dairy Food Intake and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality

Dairy Food Intake and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality

Nonfermented milk and other dairy products: associations with all-cause mortality,

Daily milk consumption and all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies

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