Migrants’ human rights and health protection during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Mediterranean Sea: what we have learnt from direct inspections in two Italian hotspots

Pomara, Cristoforo; Zappalà, Salvatore Angelo; Salerno, Monica; Sessa, Francesco; Esposito, Massimiliano; Cocimano, Giuseppe; Ippolito, Salvatore; Miani, Alessandro; Missoni, Eduardo; Piscitelli, Prisco

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129267

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…A recent systematic review of the literature has also highlighted this problem, proposing prevention strategies within jails [ 51 ]. Moreover, the problem does not only concern prisoners but also migrants in hotspots [ 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respect for bioethical principles and human rights in prisons: a systematic review on the state of the art

Esposito,

Szocik,

Capasso

et al. 2024

BMC Med Ethics

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Background Respect for human rights and bioethical principles in prisons is a crucial aspect of society and is proportional to the well-being of the general population. To date, these ethical principles have been lacking in prisons and prisoners are victims of abuse with strong repercussions on their physical and mental health. Methods A systematic review was performed, through a MESH of the following words (bioethics) AND (prison), (ethics) AND (prison), (bioethics) AND (jail), (ethics) AND (jail), (bioethics) AND (penitentiary), (ethics) AND (penitentiary), (prison) AND (human rights). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined and after PRISMA, 17 articles were included in the systematic review. Results Of the 17 articles, most were prevalence studies (n.5) or surveys (n.4), followed by cross-sectional studies (n.3), qualitative studies (n.1), retrospective (n.1) and an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study design (n.1). In most cases, the studies associated bioethics with prisoners’ access to treatment for various pathologies such as vaccinations, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV, it was also found that bioethics in prisons was related to the mental health of prisoners, disability, ageing, the condition of women, the risk of suicide or with the request for end-of-life by prisoners. The results showed shortcomings in the system of maintaining bioethical principles and respect for human rights. Conclusions Prisoners, in fact, find it difficult to access care, and have an increased risk of suicide and disability. Furthermore, they are often used as improper organ donors and have constrained autonomy that also compromises their willingness to have end-of-life treatments. In conclusion, prison staff (doctors, nurses, warders, managers) must undergo continuous refresher courses to ensure compliance with ethical principles and human rights in prisons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respect for bioethical principles and human rights in prisons: a systematic review on the state of the art

Esposito,

Szocik,

Capasso

et al. 2024

BMC Med Ethics

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“…The potential applications of artificial intelligence technology in forensic odontology can be categorized into four areas: analysis of human bite marks, identification of sex determination, age estimation, and dental comparison [82]. For example, considering the international migration scenario that is considered a present concern worldwide, determining a minor's age represents an important goal for upholding the rights of all minors [83]. Methods should be replicable, accurate, and objective: in this regard, the use of new AI tools is necessary to guarantee a trustworthy procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence and Forensic Genetics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives

Sessa,

Esposito,

Cocimano

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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The term artificial intelligence (AI) was coined in the 1950s and it has successfully made its way into different fields of medicine. Forensic sciences and AI are increasingly intersecting fields that hold tremendous potential for solving complex criminal investigations. Considering the great evolution in the technologies applied to forensic genetics, this literature review aims to explore the existing body of research that investigates the application of AI in the field of forensic genetics. Scopus and Web of Science were searched: after an accurate evaluation, 12 articles were included in the present systematic review. The application of AI in the field of forensic genetics has predominantly focused on two aspects. Firstly, several studies have investigated the use of AI in haplogroup analysis to enhance and expedite the classification process of DNA samples. Secondly, other research groups have utilized AI to analyze short tandem repeat (STR) profiles, thereby minimizing the risk of misinterpretation. While AI has proven to be highly useful in forensic genetics, further improvements are needed before using these applications in real cases. The main challenge lies in the communication gap between forensic experts: as AI continues to advance, the collaboration between forensic sciences and AI presents immense potential for transforming investigative practices, enabling quicker and more precise case resolutions.

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“…The ambient lighting does not influence the performance of the scanner, and it can recognize missing elements from partial evidence [13]. The advantages of LSs over other 3D imaging technologies (such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) include the relative cost of the equipment and maintenance, quick image generation, portability, and simple use with minimal training [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Technologies in Crime Scene Investigation

Esposito,

Sessa,

Cocimano

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Crime scene investigation (CSI) is the complex act of reconstructing the dynamics that led to a crime and the circumstances of its perpetration. Crystallizing the CSI is a difficult task for the forensic pathologist; however, it is often requested by the public prosecutor and many judicial cases remain unsolved precisely for this reason. Recent years have seen an improvement in the ability of 3D scanning technology to obtain dense surface scans of large-scale spaces, for surveying, engineering, archaeology, and medical purposes such as forensics. The applications of this new technology are growing every day: forensic measurement of wounds in clinical reports, for example, reconstruction of traffic accidents, bullet trajectory studies in gunshot wounds, and 3D bloodstain pattern analysis. A retrospective analysis was conducted across all crime scene investigations performed by the forensic staff of the Department of Forensic Pathology of the University of Catania from January 2019 to June 2022. Inclusion criteria were the use of a laser scanner (LS), the use of a camera, a full investigative scene, and collection of circumstantial data thanks to the help of the judicial police. Cases in which the LS was not used were excluded. Out of 200 CSIs, 5 were included in the present study. In case number 1, the use of the LS made it possible to create a complete scale plan of the crime scene in a few hours, allowing a ship to be quickly returned to the judicial police officer. In case 2 (fall from a height), the LS clarified the suicidal intent of the deceased. In case number 3 it was possible to reconstruct a crime scene after many years. In case 4, the LS provided a great contribution in making a differential diagnosis between suicide and homicide. In case 5, the LS was fundamental for the COVID team in planning the study of COVID-19 pathways and areas within a hospital with the aim of reduction of nosocomial transmission. In conclusion, the use of the LS allowed the forensic staff to crystallize the investigative scene, making it a useful tool.

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Migrants’ human rights and health protection during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Mediterranean Sea: what we have learnt from direct inspections in two Italian hotspots

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

Respect for bioethical principles and human rights in prisons: a systematic review on the state of the art

Respect for bioethical principles and human rights in prisons: a systematic review on the state of the art

Artificial Intelligence and Forensic Genetics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives

Advances in Technologies in Crime Scene Investigation

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