Microwave-Absorption-Induced Heating of Surface State Electrons on Liquid <sup>3</sup>He

Konstantinov, Denis; Isshiki, Hanako; Akimoto, Hikota; Shirahama, Keiya; Monarkha, Yu. P.; Kono, Kimitoshi

doi:10.1143/jpsj.77.034705

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The focus of a more recent activity was on the photoresponse of the electron fluid. A characteristic feature of the photoresponse is resonant absorption at a frequency of order 100 GHz (Konstantinov et al, , 2012b(Konstantinov et al, , 2007(Konstantinov et al, , 2008a, corresponding to the transition from the lowest to the first excited subband (i.e., the first excited state for motion in the direction transverse to the surface). It is worth noting that the conductivity of electrons on the helium surface is measured in a contactless way, by capacitively coupling the 2D electron system to electrodes and measuring the complex conductance (admittance) of the circuit.…”

Section: Electrons On Liquid Heliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonequilibrium phenomena in high Landau levels

et al. 2012

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Developments in the physics of 2D electron systems during the last decade revealed a new class of nonequilibrium phenomena in the presence of a moderately strong magnetic field. The hallmark of these phenomena is magnetoresistance oscillations generated by the external forces that drive the electron system out of equilibrium. The rich set of dramatic phenomena of this kind, discovered in high mobility semiconductor nanostructures, includes, in particular, microwave radiation-induced resistance oscillations and zero-resistance states, as well as Hall field-induced resistance oscillations and associated zero-differential resistance states. The experimental manifestations of these phenomena and the unified theoretical framework for describing them in terms of a quantum kinetic equation are reviewed. This survey also contains a thorough discussion of the magnetotransport properties of 2D electrons in the linear-response regime, as well as an outlook on future directions, including related nonequilibrium phenomena in other 2D electron systems.

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Section: Electrons On Liquid Heliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonequilibrium phenomena in high Landau levels

et al. 2012

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“…Moreover, electrons redistribute energy within the same subband due to electron-electron collisions, such that SE are described by an effective electron temperature T e , which can significantly exceed the liquid helium temperature T [19,33,36]. The electron-electron collision rate is of the same order as the plasmon frequency of SE and is much higher than any rate involved here [32,37]. As a result, SE are thermally populated to excited states, although the only transition induced by the applied MW radiation is between the ground state and the first excited state.…”

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confidence: 93%

“…, where ∆ω is the detuning from the resonance, γ is the transition linewidth, and Ω R is the Rabi frequency which is determined by the applied MW power [5,32,35]. For a given temperature T , the linewidth γ is taken to be either the experimentally observed inhomogeneous linewidth or the calculated T -dependent intrinsic linewidth [5], whichever is largest.…”

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confidence: 99%

Image-Charge Detection of the Rydberg States of Surface Electrons on Liquid Helium

2019

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We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new spectroscopic method, image-charge detection, for the Rydberg states of surface electrons on liquid helium. The excitation of the Rydberg states of the electrons induces an image current in the circuit to which the electrons are capacitively coupled. In contrast to the conventional microwave absorption measurement, this method makes it possible to resolve the transitions to high-lying Rydberg states of the surface electrons. We also show that this method can potentially be used to detect quantum states of a single electron, which paves a way to utilize the quantum states of the surface electrons on liquid helium for quantum computing. PACS numbers:Surface electrons (SE) above liquid helium constitute an exquisitely pure quantum system which for a long time served as a unique experimental platform to discover interesting many-electron phenomena [1]. The quantized (Rydberg) states of SE with a hydrogen-like energy spectrum E n = −R e /n 2 , where R e ∼ 10 −3 eV and n is a positive integer number, are formed due to the attractive interaction between an electron and its image charge inside the liquid, as well as a strong repulsive barrier experienced by the electron at the vapor-liquid interface. For typical experimental temperatures below 1 K, electrons occupy the ground state and are localized about 10 nm above the surface. The higher-energy Rydberg states can be excited by millimeter-waves (∼ 100 GHz) radiation. Grimes and Brown first measured the transitions from the ground (n = 1) to the low-lying excited states (n = 2 ∼ 6) by detecting the change in the microwave (MW) absorption caused by the excitation of the Rydberg states of SE using a cryogenic bolometer [2]. A renewed interest in the Rydberg states of SE has emerged from their potential as qubit states [3,4], which was followed by several other proposals to use either orbital or spin states of SE as qubit states [5,6]. A crucial point for successful qubit implementation is the ability to manipulate and detect quantum states of a single electron. For such an application, the conventional MW absorption measurement is inappropriate as a detection of the quantum state because it is applicable only for a sufficiently large number of electrons [2,7,8], and so is the indirect detection of the Rydberg transitions via the measurement of SE conductivity [9,10]. Originally, a destructive readout of the Rydberg states was proposed, in which the electrons leave the liquid surface depending on the occupied Rydberg states [3,11]. An interesting and promising idea is to use the strong coupling of a single electron to a superconducting resonator to realize a nondestructive readout of electron quantum states [6,12]. However, this method is limited to a low transition frequency which should match the frequency of the coplanar resonator (∼ 5 GHz), thus it is not applicable for the de-tection of the excitation of the Rydberg states.Here, we propose and demonstrate a new spectroscopic method, image-charge detection, for the Rydber...

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“…We believe the shift is due to the many-electron effect described by Eq. (12) and is associated with thermal population of the excited subbands as the effective electron temperature increases.…”

Section: A Resistivity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bistability and hysteresis of intersubband absorption in strongly interacting electrons on liquid helium

Konstantinov

Dykman²,

Lea

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. B

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We study nonlinear inter-subband microwave absorption of electrons bound to the liquid helium surface. Already for a comparatively low radiation intensity, resonant absorption due to transitions between the two lowest subbands is accompanied by electron overheating. The overheating results in a significant population of higher subbands. The Coulomb interaction between electrons causes a shift of the resonant frequency, which depends on the population of the excited states and thus on the electron temperature Te. The latter is determined experimentally from the electron photoconductivity. The experimentally established relationship between the frequency shift and Te is in reasonable agreement with the theory. The dependence of the shift on the radiation intensity introduces nonlinearity into the rate of the inter-subband absorption resulting in bistability and hysteresis of the resonant response. The hysteresis of the response explains the behavior in the regime of frequency modulation, which we observe for electrons on liquid 3 He and which was previously seen for electrons on liquid 4 He.

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Microwave-Absorption-Induced Heating of Surface State Electrons on Liquid ³He

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Nonequilibrium phenomena in high Landau levels

Nonequilibrium phenomena in high Landau levels

Image-Charge Detection of the Rydberg States of Surface Electrons on Liquid Helium

Bistability and hysteresis of intersubband absorption in strongly interacting electrons on liquid helium

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Microwave-Absorption-Induced Heating of Surface State Electrons on Liquid 3He

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Nonequilibrium phenomena in high Landau levels

Nonequilibrium phenomena in high Landau levels

Image-Charge Detection of the Rydberg States of Surface Electrons on Liquid Helium

Bistability and hysteresis of intersubband absorption in strongly interacting electrons on liquid helium

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Microwave-Absorption-Induced Heating of Surface State Electrons on Liquid ³He