Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber

Dolar, Andraž; Selonen, Salla; Gestel, Cornelis A.M. van; Perc, Valentina; Drobne, Damjana; Kokalj, Anita Jemec

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144900

Cited by 55 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The latter could be rate-limited, limiting the uptake of chemicals into the fish (Mohamed Nor and Koelmans, 2019). Indeed, there is evidence that CPF-contaminated MPs produce an increased immune response in the crustacean Porcellio scaber, despite the reduced bioavailability of pollutant (Dolar et al, 2021).…”

Section: J O U R N a L P R E -P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of polypropylene microplastics and chemical pollutants on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gut microbiota and health

Montero

Rimoldi

Torrecillas

et al. 2022

Science of The Total Environment

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Section: J O U R N a L P R E -P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of polypropylene microplastics and chemical pollutants on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gut microbiota and health

Montero

Rimoldi

Torrecillas

et al. 2022

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Articles that evaluate the mixture toxicity of microplastics and other environmental contaminants are scarce and almost absent for microrubber (Dolar et al 2021 ). The mixture toxicity of chlorpyrifos and a similar microrubber produced distinct toxicity responses compared to chlorpyrifos alone in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Dolar et al 2021 ). However, some of these responses could be attributed to the sorption of the chemical to the microplastics, reducing its toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms

Carrasco-Navarro

Nuutinen

Sorvari

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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High emission of tire rubber particles to the surrounding environment is an inevitable consequence of the current habits of transportation. Although most of the emissions stay within a close range of the sources, it has been proven that the smallest particles can be transported to remote locations through the atmosphere, including inland water bodies. It has been estimated that a relevant portion of the global emissions of tire rubber particles reach surface waters, but effects on aquatic life in the receiving water bodies are not completely understood. In the present study, we used the freshwater sediment dwellers Lumbriculus variegatus and Chironomus riparius to examine the toxicity of tire rubber particles at environmentally relevant concentrations, using different types of sediment and two particle sizes of tire rubber. Overall, the experiments were unable to discern any effects on the growth, survival or reproduction of the two animals tested. Significant differences were found among the animals dwelling on different sediments, but the effects were not attributable to the presence of tire rubber particles. This study provides important information regarding the lack of effect of tire rubber particles in laboratory experiments with model sediment dwellers and opens more questions about the potential effects of tire rubber particles in the real environment with longer durations and varying environmental factors. The influence of other factors such as the leaching of additives in the overall toxicity of tire rubber particles should be also considered.

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“…On this basis, many cellular and humoral immune components (i.e., the immune parameters) in the hemolymph or other tissues of invertebrates, e.g., crustaceans (e.g., muscle, gills, digestive glands) have become important as ecotoxicological biomarkers ( 4 – 8 ). These immune components are commonly used as biomarkers of the health of an organism or to assess its physiological status after exposure to different stressors, such as microbial infections, molting, and nutrition ( 5 – 7 , 9 ). Since hemocytes play a crucial role in crustacean immune defense, the total number of freely circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph (i.e., the total hemocyte count; THC), the proportions of the three hemocyte types (i.e., the differential hemocyte count; DHC), and the hemocyte viability represent the three most commonly studied cellular immune parameters ( 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These immune components are commonly used as biomarkers of the health of an organism or to assess its physiological status after exposure to different stressors, such as microbial infections, molting, and nutrition ( 5 – 7 , 9 ). Since hemocytes play a crucial role in crustacean immune defense, the total number of freely circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph (i.e., the total hemocyte count; THC), the proportions of the three hemocyte types (i.e., the differential hemocyte count; DHC), and the hemocyte viability represent the three most commonly studied cellular immune parameters ( 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 ). On the other hand, antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme and phenoloxidase-like activities, and nitric oxide (NO) levels are also known to be frequently assessed humoral parameters ( 5 , 6 , 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in commonly measured immunological biomarkers have been routinely studied in crustaceans to investigate the innate immune responses following a variety of immune challenges. These challenges have included: (a) injection with live microorganisms ( 11 – 13 ) or microbial components, i.e., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), laminarins, and β-glucans ( 14 – 16 ); (b) nylon filament insertion ( 17 , 18 ); and (c) exposure to different environmental stressors, such as temperature, hypoxia, microplastics, nanoparticles, and pesticides ( 7 , 19 – 21 ). In particular, studies on crustaceans stimulated with LPS have shown strong immunomodulatory changes (i.e., changes in immune-related parameters), indicating an induction of the immune system as a result of cytotoxicity of LPS ( 12 , 15 , 16 , 22 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-Course of the Innate Immune Response of the Terrestrial Crustacean Porcellio scaber After Injection of a Single Dose of Lipopolysaccharide

2022

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Invertebrates, including crustaceans, rely on cellular and humoral immune responses to protect against extrinsic and intrinsic factors that threaten their integrity. Recently, different immune parameters have been increasingly used as biomarkers of effects of pollutants and environmental change. Here, we describe the dynamics of the innate immune response of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber to injection of a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an important molecular surface component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The aim was to provide a basis for interpretation of change in immune parameters as a result of different challenges, including microplastics and nanoplastics exposure. Changes in total and differential numbers of hemocytes, hemocyte viability, and humoral immune parameters (i.e., phenoloxidase-like activity, nitric oxide levels) were assessed at different times (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 h). An injection of 0.5 μg/μL LPS into the body of P. scaber resulted in a rapid decrease (3 h after LPS injection) in the total number of hemocytes and reduced viability of the hemocytes. This was accompanied by changed proportions of the different hemocyte types, as a decrease in the numbers of semigranulocytes and granulocytes, and a marked increase in the numbers of hyalinocytes. In addition, phenoloxidase-like activity and nitric oxide levels in the hemolymph were increased at 3 h and 6 h, respectively, after the LPS challenge. Forty-eight hours after LPS injection, the immune parameters in the hemolymph of P. scaber had returned to those before the LPS challenge. This suggests that the innate immune system successfully protected P. scaber from the deleterious effects of the LPS challenge. These data indicate the need to consider the dynamics of innate immune responses of P. scaber when effects of infections, pollutants, or environmental changes are studied. We also propose an approach to test the immunocompetence of organisms after different challenges in ecotoxicity studies, based on the dynamics of their immune responses.

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Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber

Cited by 55 publications

References 104 publications

Impact of polypropylene microplastics and chemical pollutants on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gut microbiota and health

Impact of polypropylene microplastics and chemical pollutants on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gut microbiota and health

Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms

Time-Course of the Innate Immune Response of the Terrestrial Crustacean Porcellio scaber After Injection of a Single Dose of Lipopolysaccharide

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