Microcystins and anatoxin-a in Arctic biocrust cyanobacterial communities

Chrapusta, Ewelina; Węgrzyn, Maria; Zabaglo, Kornelia; Kamiński, Ariel; Adamski, Michał; Wietrzyk, Paulina; Białçzyk, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.016

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This study corroborates previous work documenting the presence of cyanotoxins in polar environments [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 ]. However, previous studies have exclusively presented MC concentrations in the context of benthic biological material, such as microbial mats and biological crusts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Although cyanotoxin production occurs worldwide, studies of cyanotoxins have traditionally focused on conspicuous blooms of planktonic taxa in nutrient-rich temperate or tropical systems [ 1 , 4 , 5 ]. However, toxigenic cyanobacteria are not confined to high nutrient environments or planktonic taxa [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, conspicuous pelagic cyanobacterial blooms are extremely rare in these systems as physiological constraints imposed by persistent low temperatures, limited nutrient supply, and high UV-exposure tend to promote growth of benthic and picoplanktonic taxa [ 15 , 16 ]. By comparison to the dozens of studies in lower latitudes (e.g., [ 1 , 5 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]), relatively few studies have reported the occurrence of cyanotoxins in polar environments [ 5 ], with some in the Antarctic [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 13 ] and even fewer specifically in the Arctic [ 6 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin in Arctic Lakes of Southwestern Greenland

Trout‐Haney

Wood

Cottingham

2016

Toxins

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Cyanobacteria and their toxins have received significant attention in eutrophic temperate and tropical systems where conspicuous blooms of certain planktonic taxa release toxins into fresh water, threatening its potability and safe use for recreation. Although toxigenic cyanobacteria are not confined to high nutrient environments, bloom-forming species, or planktonic taxa, these other situations are studied les often studied. For example, toxin production in picoplankton and benthic cyanobacteria—the predominant photoautotrophs found in polar lakes—is poorly understood. We quantified the occurrence of microcystin (MC, a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin) across 18 Arctic lakes in southwestern Greenland. All of the focal lakes contained detectable levels of MC, with concentrations ranging from 5 ng·L−1 to >400 ng·L−1 during summer, 2013–2015. These concentrations are orders of magnitude lower than many eutrophic systems, yet the median lake MC concentration in Greenland (57 ng·L−1) was still 6.5 times higher than the median summer MC toxicity observed across 50 New Hampshire lakes between 1998 and 2008 (8.7 ng·L−1). The presence of cyanotoxins in these Greenlandic lakes demonstrates that high latitude lakes can support toxigenic cyanobacteria, and suggests that we may be underestimating the potential for these systems to develop high levels of cyanotoxins in the future.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin in Arctic Lakes of Southwestern Greenland

Trout‐Haney

Wood

Cottingham

2016

Toxins

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“…Cyanotoxin presence has been reported in benthic communities of both Arctic and Antarctica ( Table 2 ), comprising cyanobacterial-dominated mats/biocrusts developing in freshwaters (e.g., lakes—cryogenic lakes, large cirque lakes-; ponds—small kettle ponds, meltwater ponds-; meltwater runoff and, small streams, lagoon channels) [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], brackish ponds [ 34 ], hydroterrestrial environments and wet soils [ 33 , 36 , 37 ] ( Table 2 ) as well as symbiotic associations (cyanolichens) between cyanobacteria and lichens in the Arctic [ 38 , 39 ]. Toxins detected include the hepatotoxins MC (in both the Arctic and Antarctica) [ 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] and NOD (in Antarctica) [ 34 ], the cytotoxin CYN (in Antarctica) [ 31 ], and the neurotoxins ATX [ 37 ] and PST [ 33 ] in the Arctic ( Table 2 ). In those investigations, about 20–96% of the screened samples contained cyanotoxins which indicates high variability depending on the study.…”

Section: Polar Desertsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments

2017

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Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temperate latitudes. In this review, we bring to the forefront the presence of cyanotoxins in extreme environments. Cyanotoxins have been reported especially in polar deserts (both from the Arctic and Antarctica) and alkaline lakes, but also in hot deserts, hypersaline environments, and hot springs. Cyanotoxins detected in these ecosystems include neurotoxins—anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a (S), paralytic shellfish toxins, β-methylaminopropionic acid, N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid- and hepatotoxins –cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and nodularins—with microcystins being the most frequently reported. Toxin production there has been linked to at least eleven cyanobacterial genera yet only three of these (Arthrospira, Synechococcus and Oscillatoria) have been confirmed as producers in culture. Beyond a comprehensive analysis of cyanotoxin presence in each of the extreme environments, this review also identifies the main knowledge gaps to overcome (e.g., scarcity of isolates and –omics data, among others) toward an initial assessment of ecological and human health risks in these amazing ecosystems developing at the very edge of life.

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“…Without proper treatment, they are discharged into lakes, rivers, and other water supplies, causing serious eutrophication and leading to cyanobacterial blooms (Liu et al, ; Zhang et al, ). Cyanobacteria can produce a wide array of potent toxins (cyanotoxins), including microcystins (MCs), nodularins, and cylindrospermopsin, which threaten human health (Chrapusta et al, ; Ibrahim et al, ; Umehara et al, ). Microcystins, a group of cyanobacterial heptapeptide toxins, mainly target the liver and also affect other organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition and subsequent cytoskeleton reorganization contributes to cell migration caused by microcystin-LR in human laryngeal epithelial cells (Hep-2)

et al. 2016

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The major toxic mechanism of Microcystin-LR is inhibition of the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), resulting in a series of cytotoxic effects. Our previous studies have demonstrated that microcystin-LR (MCLR) induced very different molecular effects in normal cells and the tumor cell line SMMC7721. To further explore the MCLR toxicity mechanism in tumor cells, human laryngeal epithelial cells (Hep-2) was examined in this study. Western blot, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and transwell migration assay were used to detect the effects of MCLR on PP2A activity, PP2A substrates, cytoskeleton, and cell migration. The results showed that the protein level of PP2A subunits and the posttranslational modification of the catalytic subunit were altered and that the binding of the AC core enzyme as well as the binding of PP2A/C and α4, was also affected. As PP2A substrates, the phosphorylation of MAPK pathway members, p38, ERK1/2, and the cytoskeleton-associated proteins, Hsp27, VASP, Tau, and Ezrin were increased. Furthermore, MCLR induced reorganization of the cytoskeleton and promoted cell migration. Taken together, direct covalent binding to PP2A/C, alteration of the protein levels and posttranslational modification, as well as the binding of subunits, are the main pattern for the effects of MCLR on PP2A in Hep-2. A dose-dependent change in p-Tau and p-Ezrin due to PP2A inhibition may contribute to the changes in the cytoskeleton and be related to the cell migration in Hep-2. Our data provide a comprehensive exposition of the MCLR mechanism on tumor cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 890-903, 2017.

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Microcystins and anatoxin-a in Arctic biocrust cyanobacterial communities

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Presence of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin in Arctic Lakes of Southwestern Greenland

Presence of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin in Arctic Lakes of Southwestern Greenland

Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments

Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition and subsequent cytoskeleton reorganization contributes to cell migration caused by microcystin-LR in human laryngeal epithelial cells (Hep-2)

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