Microbial Normal Flora: Its Existence And Their Contribution To Homeostasis

Abstract

Aims: To describe the existence of microbial normal flora and its contribution to homeostasis, with emphasize on several major systems of the human body.
 Discussion: Normal microflora are a group of various microorganisms that reside in the bodies of all humans or animals. These organisms are consistently exist, and relatively stable, with specific genera populating various body regions during particular periods in an individual's life, from shortly after birth until death. The indigeneous normal microbiota provides a first line of defense against microbial pathogens, assists in digestion, and contributes to maturation of the immune system and in general able to assists the anatomy, physiology, susceptibility to pathogens, and even morbidity of the host. Several internal factors like age and external factors like geographical position, diets habbits, the condition of stress, infection and even antibiotics consumption, are some factors that can affect the function of normal microflora.
 Conclusion: Normal microbial microflora consistently inhabits some region of the body and influences the hots’s homeostasis. Several factors such as diets, stress, infection and antibiotics administration, can affect the existence and performance of normal microflora.

Role of Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Stunting

“…Stunting vicious cycle revealed the connection between double burden of deteriorating nutritional status and infection [13] which is in turn progresses to into the following: (i) Encompass dysbiosis of the intestinal normal microbiota [14,15]. The vertebrate intestine be overflowing with a huge, miscellaneous, and vigorous inhabitants microbiota community [15] that has ubiquitous outcomes on overall intestine function, physiologically, biochemically, and last but not least immunity [14,15]. In normal situations, these inhabitants microbiota dividend their habitation with a correspondingly spirited neighborhood of eukaryotes organisms (e.g., helminths, protozoans, and also fungi), many of which are well-known parasites.…”

“…Such an unique relationship may substantially affect the infection courses and outcomes and definitely influenced the condition of host's health and disease, comprehensively. For example, sudden parasite invasion can alter normal host association with its normal bacterial flora, [15] either compelling or guarding against the condition of dysbiosis and inflammatory disease [17,18]. Conversely, the microbiota can alter a parasite's colonization success, replication, and virulence, shifting it along the parasitismmutualism spectrum [14,16,17].…”

“…In most, but not all cases of parasite infection, the host's hormonal milieu regulates the susceptibility, the course, and severity of parasite infections [28]. In most cases, parasitic infection disturbs the normal existing host immune environment, [15] and actually triggers immune reactions that become stirring the host's endocrine armamentarium. In addition, sex steroids and corticosteroids may also straightly reshape the parasite reproductive ability and its molting [29].…”

“…Whenever there is invading parasitic eukaryotes, these normal microbiota must share their milieu with one main goal, namely to maintain homeostasis, whatever the cost. The bidirectional relationship between intestinal parasites and the existing microbiota [15] if happens very early (childhood early life), and their combined effects, [15,30] could play a key role in stunting. Intestinal parasite infection may contribute to stunting formation by way of: a.…”

The Effect of Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour) Leaf Extract on Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Escherichia coli pBR322 and Toxicity Tests on Artemia salina Leach

“…Improper exposure to antibiotics to microorganisms can cause resistance that complicates the healing process, disrupting the composition of normal microflora, extending the patient's treatment period, and even causing death due to treatment failure (Frieri et al, 2017). Escherichia coli usually already forms colonies in the digestive tract of human infants within a few hours after birth and forms a symbiotic commensalism (Sunarti, 2022). Escherichia coli adaptive abilities and certain typical virulence allow it to cause disease in many places in the body; it can even cause disease in immunocompetent individuals (A.…”