Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis

Aly, Raza

doi:10.1001/archderm.113.6.780

Cited by 136 publications

(116 citation statements)

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“…Recurrent bacterial and viral infections are typical complications in patients with AD and often necessitate in-patient treatment (25). Altered skin colonization with S. aureus as a dominant pathogen is another characteristic feature of AD, also indicating a defective epithelial barrier (16,17). In recent years there has been considerable interest in the underlying mechanisms that make patients with AD prone to microbial skin infection and pronounced colonization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Rieg

Steffen²,

Seeber³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

249

185

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Antimicrobial peptides are an integral part of the epithelial innate defense system. Dermcidin (DCD) is a recently discovered antimicrobial peptide with a broad spectrum of activity. It is constitutively expressed in human eccrine sweat glands and secreted into sweat. Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have recurrent bacterial or viral skin infections and pronounced colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. We hypothesized that patients with AD have a reduced amount of DCD peptides in sweat contributing to the compromised constitutive innate skin defense. Therefore, we performed semiquantitative and quantitative analyses of DCD peptides in sweat of AD patients and healthy subjects using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ELISA. The data indicate that the amount of several DCD-derived peptides in sweat of patients with AD is significantly reduced. Furthermore, compared with atopic patients without previous infectious complications, AD patients with a history of bacterial and viral skin infections were found to have significantly less DCD-1 and DCD-1L in their sweat. To analyze whether the reduced amount of DCD in sweat of AD patients correlates with a decreased innate defense, we determined the antimicrobial activity of sweat in vivo. We showed that in healthy subjects, sweating leads to a reduction of viable bacteria on the skin surface, but this does not occur in patients with AD. These data indicate that reduced expression of DCD in sweat of patients with AD may contribute to the high susceptibility of these patients to skin infections and altered skin colonization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The microbial flora of atopic skin shows striking differences, with Ͼ90% of inflammatory lesions and 76% of normal skin being colonized by S. aureus compared with Ͻ10% in healthy individuals (16,17). To date, the underlying immunological mechanisms of the susceptibility of atopic skin to S. aureus infection and colonization are still poorly understood.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Rieg

Steffen²,

Seeber³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

249

185

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Several studies also indicate that severe AD is associated with skin colonization of SEB-producing strains of S. aureus (5,23,24). To better understand the role of SEB in AD, we took advantage of the murine model of AD and investigated the effects of cutaneous SEB exposure in the modulation of allergen-induced skin inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Superantigen Exposure Induces Epidermal Accumulation of CD8+ T Cells, a Mixed Th1/Th2-Type Dermatitis and Vigorous Production of IgE Antibodies in the Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis

Savinko

Lauerma²,

Lehtimäki

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

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Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have repeated cutaneous exposure to both environmental allergens and superantigen-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. We used a murine model of AD to investigate the role of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in the modulation of allergen-induced skin inflammation. Mice were topically exposed to SEB, OVA, a combination of OVA and SEB (OVA/SEB), or PBS. Topical SEB and OVA/SEB exposure induced epidermal accumulation of CD8+ T cells and TCRVβ8+ cells in contrast to OVA application, which induced a mainly dermal infiltration of CD4+ cells. SEB and OVA/SEB exposure elicited a mixed Th1/Th2-associated cytokine and chemokine expression profile within the skin. Restimulation of lymph node cells from OVA- and OVA/SEB-exposed mice with OVA elicited strong production of IL-13 protein, whereas substantial amounts of IFN-γ protein were detected after SEB stimulation of cells derived from SEB- or OVA/SEB-exposed mice. Topical SEB treatment elicited vigorous production of SEB-specific IgE and IgG2a Abs and significantly increased the production of OVA-specific IgE and IgG2a Abs. The present study shows that topical exposure to SEB provokes epidermal accumulation of CD8+ T cells, a mixed Th2/Th1 type dermatitis and vigorous production of specific IgE and IgG2a Abs, which can be related to the chronic phase of atopic skin inflammation.

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“…A number of host characteristics have been proposed as risk factors for S. aureus carriage. Examples include anatomic abnormalities of the nose, certain leukocyte antigens, immunological status, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, age, ethnicity, hospitalization [37], hormonal status in women [41], previous use of antibiotics [41], use of nasal steroid sprays [42], and the presence of atopic dermatitis [43].…”

Section: Risk Factors For S Aureus Infection In Idus Nasal S Aureusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Injection Drug Users: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies

2004

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Infections, in particular soft tissue infections (cellulitis, skin abscesses), are the leading cause for emergency department visits and hospital admissions of drug injection users (IDUs). Staphylococcus aureus is the most relevant bacterial pathogen in this population. It is the main cause of soft tissue infections and of severe infections such as endocarditis and bacteremia. Moreover, epidemic spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among IDUs has occurred in Europe and North America. Nasal carriage of S. aureus is associated with an increased risk of subsequent S. aureus infections, and it has been shown that active IDUs have a higher rate of colonization with S. aureus than the general population. However, it is still unknown why an individual carries S. aureus. In particular, repeated injections do not appear to be the main predisposing factor for S. aureus carriage. Infections associated with injection drug use are frequently the consequence of the illegal status of street drugs. Harm reduction programs, including needle exchange programs, safer injecting facilities and injection opiate substitution programs can reduce the incidence of infections among severely addicted IDUs.

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Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis

Cited by 136 publications

References 0 publications

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Topical Superantigen Exposure Induces Epidermal Accumulation of CD8+ T Cells, a Mixed Th1/Th2-Type Dermatitis and Vigorous Production of IgE Antibodies in the Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis

Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Injection Drug Users: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies

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