Investigation of the diversity of nirK and nirS in denitrifying bacteria revealed that salinity decreased the diversity in a nitrate-containing saline wastewater treatment system. The predominant nirS clone was related to nirS derived from marine bacteria, and the predominant nirK clone was related to nirK of the genus Alcaligenes.Nitrogen removal from wastewater is accomplished by bacterial denitrification. Some types of industrial wastewater, such as metallurgic wastewater, contain large amounts of nitrate and saline (11). Although we have developed a nitrogen removal system for saline wastewater, nitrite often accumulates, particularly under relatively high-saline conditions (32). Therefore, it is important to understand the ecology of nitrite-reducing bacterial communities to determine stable operational conditions for denitrification processes.A few researchers and we have studied microbial communities in anaerobic reactors for the denitrification of saline wastewater (13,31,32) and used an approach based on taxonomic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene to identify all of the bacterial species within a community. These studies suggested that members of the gamma subdivision of the class Proteobacteria are important in such wastewater treatment systems. However, 16S rRNA gene-based approaches are unable to detect denitrifying bacteria particularly in such systems because bacterial groups possessing denitrifying abilities are phylogenetically diverse (33). Furthermore, although aerobic halophilic species have been reported (7,29), the microbial ecology of moderately halophilic denitrifying bacteria has hardly been reported.Recently, primer sets specific for functional genes involved in denitrification, namely, nirK, nirS (3, 9), and nosZ (22), have been developed. Thus, PCR-based approaches revealed denitrifying microbial communities in activated sludge (9, 27), marine sediment (4, 5, 15), and soil (17, 19) on the basis of nirK and nirS and in marine sediment on the basis of nosZ (23, 24). These approaches have contributed to the improvement of the complete or partial sequences of nitrite reductase genes and nitrous oxide reductase genes in the database. We expect that the information on these genes detected from various environments will contribute to further studies on the ecophysiology of denitrifying communities.In this study, we focused on the microbial ecology of nitritereducing bacteria in two series of metallurgic wastewater treatment systems (MWTSs) with different fluidity conditions; one of the MWTSs was composed of an anaerobic packed bed, and the other was composed of an anaerobic fluidized bed (31). The nirK and nirS heterogeneity in the anaerobic reactors of MWTSs was investigated by cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to determine the actual denitrifying bacterial community. Furthermore, the anaerobic packed bed and the fluidized bed were compared for nirK and nirS diversity to investigate the influence of fluidity conditions on the denitrifying microbial community.Sludge samples and isola...