Microbial Analysis and Sanitization of Hydroponic Farming Facilities in Singapore

Abstract

This study performed microbial analysis of nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic systems at three indoor farms in Singapore. To justify the necessity to sanitize the hydroponic systems, strong biofilm-forming bacteria were isolated from the facility and investigated with their influence onSalmonellacolonizing on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons in hydroponic nutrient solutions. Last, sanitization solutions were evaluated with both laboratory-scale and field-scale tests. As a result, the microbiome composition in NFT systems was found to be highly farm-specific. Strong biofilm formersCorynebacterium tuberculostearicumC2 andPseudoxanthomonas mexicanaC3 were found to facilitate the attachment and colonization ofSalmonellaon PVC coupons. When forming dual-species biofilms, the presence of C2 and C3 also significantly promoted the growth ofSalmonella(P< 0.05). Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) exhibited superior efficacy in biofilm removal compared to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium percarbonate (SPC). NaOCl at 50 ppm reduced C2 and C3 counts to < 1 log CFU/cm2within 12 h, whereas neither 3% H2O2nor 1% SPC achieved such an effect. In operational hydroponic systems, the concentration of NaOCl needed to achieve biofilm elimination increased to 500 ppm, likely due to the presence of organic matter accumulated during the crop cultivation and the higher persistence of the naturally formed multispecies biofilms. The sanitization (500 ppm NaOCl for 12 h) did not impede subsequent plant growth but chlorination by-product chlorate was detected with high levels from the hydroponic solution and plants in the sanitized systems without rinsing.IMPORTANCEThis study’s significance lies first in its elucidation of the necessity to sanitize the hydroponic farming systems. The microbiome in hydroponic systems, although most of the times non-pathogenic, might serve as a hotbed for pathogens’ colonization and thus pose a higher risk for food safety. We thus explored sanitization solutions with both laboratory-scale and field-scale tests. Of the three tested sanitizers, NaOCl was the most effective and economical option, whereas one must note the vital importance of rinsing the hydroponic systems after sanitization with NaOCl.

Effectiveness of Chemical Sanitizers against Salmonella Typhimurium in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Hydroponic Systems: Implications for Food Safety, Crop Quality, and Nutrient Content in Leafy Greens

“…While 500 ppm bleach has been shown to eliminate biofilm-forming bacteria from PVC coupons after 1 h [ 27 ], the high concentrations are not recommended in hydroponics. In fact, the routine use of high concentrations of bleach is known to degrade components of pumps and aerators, seals, and tubing, restricting the usefulness of bleach for surface sanitation in commercial NFT hydroponic operations [ 28 , 29 ]; similar was observed in our study. PPA sanitizers are generally less detrimental to surfaces in processing and hydroponic greenhouses, and thus, their use in surface sanitation is increasing.…”

Effectiveness of Chemical Sanitizers Against Salmonella Typhimurium in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Hydroponic Systems: Implications for Food Safety, Crop Quality, and Nutrient Content in Leafy Greens

“…In fact, the efficacy of the Bleach treatments was similar to using only water.. While 500 ppm of Bleach has been shown to eliminate biofilm-forming bacteria from PVC coupons after 1h [28], the high concentrations are not recommended in hydroponics. In fact, routine use of high concentrations of Bleach is known to degrade components of pumps and aerators, seals, and tubing, restricting the usefulness of Bleach for surface sanitation in commercial NFT hydroponic operations [29], similar was observed in our study.…”