Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

Abstract

Osteoarthritis, which typically arises from aging, traumatic injury, or obesity, is the most common form of arthritis, which usually leads to malfunction of the joints and requires medical interventions due to the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. However, currently used medical treatment modalities have reported, at least in part, disappointing and frustrating results for patients with osteoarthritis. Recent progress in the design and fabrication of tissue-engineered microscale/nanoscale platforms, which arises from the convergence of stem cell research and nanotechnology methods, has shown promising results in the administration of new and efficient options for treating osteochondral lesions. This paper presents an overview of the recent advances in osteochondral tissue engineering resulting from the application of micro- and nanotechnology approaches in the structure of biomaterials, including biological and microscale/nanoscale topographical cues, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanotubes.

Bioactive Phenylboronic Acid‐Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels Induce Chondro‐Aggregates and Promote Chondrocyte Phenotype

“…In 2D culture, soft substrates were found to result in appropriate cytoskeletal tension, which facilitates redifferentiation of chondrocytes and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. [16,17] The same trend was observed in 3D culture. Seo et al reported that hyaluronate-alginate hybrid scaffolds with lower mechanical stiffness can better promote chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 mouse chondroprogenitor cells.…”

“…In 2D culture, soft substrates were found to result in appropriate cytoskeletal tension, which facilitates redifferentiation of chondrocytes and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. [ 16,17 ] The same trend was observed in 3D culture. Seo et al.…”

An overview on nanoparticle-based strategies to fight viral infections with a focus on COVID-19

“…The very small dimensions of NPs allow effective entry into living organizations. Additionally, nano biomedical knowledge has been the purpose of a considerable rate of consideration, such as efficient and targeted delivery of medicines, genes, and therapeutic molecules to particular organs or cells, imaging, and accurate diagnosis of viruses at initial steps [ 10 , 11 ]. The NPs of silver, gold, silver sulfide, titanium oxide, zirconium, grapheme, and polymeric compositions can be utilized as a delivery system for vaccines, which have an extraordinary ability as compared to common antigen-based vaccines [ 12 ].…”

Benefits of Applying Nanotechnologies to Hydrogels in Efficacy Tests in Osteoarthritis Models—A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies

“…Nanotechnology has been developed to mimic the nanoscale dimension of cartilaginous ECM and stimulate cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, as well as to serve as local carriers of molecules for controlling their release, simultaneously protecting them from the harsh OA microenvironment and increasing their residence time in the joint. The precise control of the NP’s structure, degradation, and safety issues represent their main limits [ 21 , 22 , 23 ] NPs, defined as structures that reach dimensions of up to hundreds of nanometers [ 24 ], can be embedded into a hydrogel before its gelation or entrapped by gel swelling after gel formation [ 25 ]. These NP-enriched gel (NP-gels) formulations are of increasing interest because they can be used as drug delivery systems for anti-inflammatory drugs in OA, allowing controlled and prolonged release thanks to a higher retention in the joint than hydrogels alone.…”