Methylxanthines: Toxicity to humans. 1. Theophylline

RETRACTED: Chemoprotective role of molybdo-flavoenzymes against xenobiotic compounds

“…A number of major reference books, including the Merck Index (10th ed.) and Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1982), do not list paraxanthine (Stravic, 1988). These results agree with the paraxanthine results obtained from the current toxicity study in that 100 mM paraxanthine did not have an effect on the Canton-S and transgenic strains (shown Fig.…”

“…The literature is devoid of any reference to human toxicity data on theobromine, except one general statement that ''in large doses" theobromine may cause nausea and anorexia (Pharmacopeia, 1984). Comparative results for the acute toxicity of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine given orally for mouse and rat, it is of interest to note a very similar acute toxicity for caffeine and theophylline in the rat whereas theobromine appeared to have no toxicity (Stravic, 1988;Tarka, 1982). These results agree with the results obtained from the current toxicity study.…”

RETRACTED: Chemoprotective role of molybdo-flavoenzymes against xenobiotic compounds

“…A number of major reference books, including the Merck Index (10th ed.) and Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1982), do not list paraxanthine (Stravic, 1988). These results agree with the paraxanthine results obtained from the current toxicity study in that 100 mM paraxanthine did not have an effect on the Canton-S and transgenic strains (shown Fig.…”

“…The literature is devoid of any reference to human toxicity data on theobromine, except one general statement that ''in large doses" theobromine may cause nausea and anorexia (Pharmacopeia, 1984). Comparative results for the acute toxicity of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine given orally for mouse and rat, it is of interest to note a very similar acute toxicity for caffeine and theophylline in the rat whereas theobromine appeared to have no toxicity (Stravic, 1988;Tarka, 1982). These results agree with the results obtained from the current toxicity study.…”

Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?

“…Theophylline and caffeine share a similar chemical structure, however theophylline lacks one N-methyl group and determines more potent effects than caffeine and theobromine. Its half-life is quite unpredictable, varying from 3 to 9 hours [ 34 ]. Theophylline is subjected to hepatic and renal clearance.…”

“…Pregnancy decreases the clearance and excretion of caffeine, thus the latter and its metabolites, such as theophylline, can accumulate in the body [ 34 ]. Variations in enzyme activity, especially with regard to CYP1A2, are reported.…”

Theophylline exhibits anti-cancer activityviasuppressing SRSF3 in cervical and breast cancer cell lines

“…Caffeine and theophylline are present in coffee, tea, energetic beverages, and chocolate. Theobromine is discovered in tea and chocolate, but is also a caffeine metabolite in the body [ 27 ]. In plants, methylxanthines are formed from purine nucleotides and can also be obtained by chemical synthesis.…”

RETRACTED: Chemoprotective role of molybdo-flavoenzymes against xenobiotic compounds

“…A number of major reference books, including the Merck Index (10th ed.) and Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1982), do not list paraxanthine (Stravic, 1988). These results agree with the paraxanthine results obtained from the current toxicity study in that 100 mM paraxanthine did not have an effect on the Canton-S and transgenic strains (shown Fig.…”

“…The literature is devoid of any reference to human toxicity data on theobromine, except one general statement that ''in large doses" theobromine may cause nausea and anorexia (Pharmacopeia, 1984). Comparative results for the acute toxicity of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine given orally for mouse and rat, it is of interest to note a very similar acute toxicity for caffeine and theophylline in the rat whereas theobromine appeared to have no toxicity (Stravic, 1988;Tarka, 1982). These results agree with the results obtained from the current toxicity study.…”

Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?

“…Theophylline and caffeine share a similar chemical structure, however theophylline lacks one N-methyl group and determines more potent effects than caffeine and theobromine. Its half-life is quite unpredictable, varying from 3 to 9 hours [ 34 ]. Theophylline is subjected to hepatic and renal clearance.…”

“…Pregnancy decreases the clearance and excretion of caffeine, thus the latter and its metabolites, such as theophylline, can accumulate in the body [ 34 ]. Variations in enzyme activity, especially with regard to CYP1A2, are reported.…”

Theophylline exhibits anti-cancer activityviasuppressing SRSF3 in cervical and breast cancer cell lines

“…Caffeine and theophylline are present in coffee, tea, energetic beverages, and chocolate. Theobromine is discovered in tea and chocolate, but is also a caffeine metabolite in the body [ 27 ]. In plants, methylxanthines are formed from purine nucleotides and can also be obtained by chemical synthesis.…”

RETRACTED: Chemoprotective role of molybdo-flavoenzymes against xenobiotic compounds

“…A number of major reference books, including the Merck Index (10th ed.) and Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1982), do not list paraxanthine (Stravic, 1988). These results agree with the paraxanthine results obtained from the current toxicity study in that 100 mM paraxanthine did not have an effect on the Canton-S and transgenic strains (shown Fig.…”

“…The literature is devoid of any reference to human toxicity data on theobromine, except one general statement that ''in large doses" theobromine may cause nausea and anorexia (Pharmacopeia, 1984). Comparative results for the acute toxicity of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine given orally for mouse and rat, it is of interest to note a very similar acute toxicity for caffeine and theophylline in the rat whereas theobromine appeared to have no toxicity (Stravic, 1988;Tarka, 1982). These results agree with the results obtained from the current toxicity study.…”

Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?

“…Theophylline and caffeine share a similar chemical structure, however theophylline lacks one N-methyl group and determines more potent effects than caffeine and theobromine. Its half-life is quite unpredictable, varying from 3 to 9 hours [ 34 ]. Theophylline is subjected to hepatic and renal clearance.…”

“…Pregnancy decreases the clearance and excretion of caffeine, thus the latter and its metabolites, such as theophylline, can accumulate in the body [ 34 ]. Variations in enzyme activity, especially with regard to CYP1A2, are reported.…”

Theophylline exhibits anti-cancer activityviasuppressing SRSF3 in cervical and breast cancer cell lines

“…Caffeine and theophylline are present in coffee, tea, energetic beverages, and chocolate. Theobromine is discovered in tea and chocolate, but is also a caffeine metabolite in the body [ 27 ]. In plants, methylxanthines are formed from purine nucleotides and can also be obtained by chemical synthesis.…”