Methyl‐CpG binding domain (MBD)2/3 specifically recognizes and binds to the genomic mCpG site with a β‐sheet in the MBD to affect embryonic development in Bombyx mori

Abstract

Methyl‐CpG (mCpG) binding domain (MBD) proteins especially bind with methylated DNA, and are involved in many important biological processes; however, the binding mechanism between insect MBD2/3 and mCpG remains unclear. In this study, we identified 2 isoforms of the MBD2/3 gene in Bombyx mori, MBD2/3‐S and MBD2/3‐L. Binding analysis of MBD2/3‐L, MBD2/3‐S, and 7 mutant MBD2/3‐L proteins deficient in β1−β6 or α1 in the MBD showed that β2−β3‐turns in the β‐sheet of the MBD are necessary for the formation of the MBD2/3–mCpG complex; furthermore, other secondary structures, namely, β4−β6 and an α‐helix, play a role in stabilizing the β‐sheet structure to ensure that the MBD is able to bind mCpG. In addition, sequence alignment and binding analyses of different insect MBD2/3s indicated that insect MBD2/3s have an intact and conserved MBD that binds to the mCpG of target genes. Furthermore, MBD2/3 RNA interference results showed that MBD2/3‐L plays a role in regulating B. mori embryonic development, similar to that of DNA methylation; however, MBD2/3‐S without β4−β6 and α‐helix does not alter embryonic development. These results suggest that MBD2/3‐L recognizes and binds to mCpG through the intact β‐sheet structure in its MBD, thus ensuring silkworm embryonic development.

Epigenetics of hypertension as a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Analogous to 5mC, 5hmC is pervasive throughout the mammalian genome, exhibiting distinct profiles across various tissues ( 49 ). A substantial body of research supports the role of 5hmC in gene regulation ( 50 , 51 ). Additionally, a study in rats has provided initial evidence of a substantial correlation between hypertension and 5hmC levels ( 52 ).…”

DNA Methylation Machinery in Gastropod Mollusks

“…Moreover, MBD2/3 overexpression in ovotestis and terminal genitalia might be indicative of its involvement in the regulation of DNA methylation patterns of genes associated with sex determination, sex-specific traits, sexual development, differentiation, and reproductive functions in B. glabrata. There is indeed evidence that MBD2/3 plays an important regulatory role in the reproduction and development of certain invertebrates, such as insects or nematodes [87][88][89].…”