Methyl Alcohol Poisoning

Generation of Formates Following 20 kHz Sonication of DSPE-mPEG2000 PEGylated Phospholipid Micelles

“…The second concerns PEG degradation byproducts, such as formate, and the need to compare sonolytically generated formate levels to those reported in the literature that could elicit toxicity and/or a deleterious biological response. In the case of formate, this is a particular concern for ocular cells, such as those in the retina, optic nerve, and basal ganglia, which are quite sensitive due to their limited ability to metabolize it [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. For example, an investigation by Treichel, Burke, and co-workers using cultured mouse retinal photoreceptor (661 W) cells revealed cytotoxicity after 6 h of exposure to 30 mM sodium formate [ 74 ], a concentration ~13× higher than that in the 1 h probe-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples and roughly two orders of magnitude higher than that in 30 min bath-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples ( Table 1 ).…”

Generation of Formates Following 20 kHz Sonication of DSPE-mPEG2000 PEGylated Phospholipid Micelles

“…The second concerns PEG degradation byproducts, such as formate, and the need to compare sonolytically generated formate levels to those reported in the literature that could elicit toxicity and/or a deleterious biological response. In the case of formate, this is a particular concern for ocular cells, such as those in the retina, optic nerve, and basal ganglia, which are quite sensitive due to their limited ability to metabolize it [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. For example, an investigation by Treichel, Burke, and co-workers using cultured mouse retinal photoreceptor (661 W) cells revealed cytotoxicity after 6 h of exposure to 30 mM sodium formate [ 74 ], a concentration ~13× higher than that in the 1 h probe-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples and roughly two orders of magnitude higher than that in 30 min bath-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples ( Table 1 ).…”

Ocular Features and Visual Outcome in Patients of Accidental Methanol Poisoning at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern India: A Case Series

“…Axoplasmic flow stagnation at the nerve head and alterations in the myelin sheath in the retrolaminar nerve segment were demonstrated in experiments using rhesus monkeys [7]. The pathogenesis is thought to be histotoxicanoxia in the vascular watershed region, which is a consequence of the direct inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formic acid [9]. Studies have shown higher cytochrome oxidase activity in the human optic nerve [11].…”

Case Report: Early Recognition, Treatment, and Occupational Safety Protection are Crucial for Methanol Toxicity

“…After a variable time, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and vertigo accompanied by shortness of breath may attack the victims. Visual impairment is one of the most common neurological symptoms ranging from small scotomas to permanent blindness ( 8 ). In the acute phase of poisoning, congestion, and inflammation of the optic disc might be observed.…”

Generation of Formates Following 20 kHz Sonication of DSPE-mPEG2000 PEGylated Phospholipid Micelles

“…The second concerns PEG degradation byproducts, such as formate, and the need to compare sonolytically generated formate levels to those reported in the literature that could elicit toxicity and/or a deleterious biological response. In the case of formate, this is a particular concern for ocular cells, such as those in the retina, optic nerve, and basal ganglia, which are quite sensitive due to their limited ability to metabolize it [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. For example, an investigation by Treichel, Burke, and co-workers using cultured mouse retinal photoreceptor (661 W) cells revealed cytotoxicity after 6 h of exposure to 30 mM sodium formate [ 74 ], a concentration ~13× higher than that in the 1 h probe-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples and roughly two orders of magnitude higher than that in 30 min bath-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples ( Table 1 ).…”

Ocular Features and Visual Outcome in Patients of Accidental Methanol Poisoning at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern India: A Case Series

“…Axoplasmic flow stagnation at the nerve head and alterations in the myelin sheath in the retrolaminar nerve segment were demonstrated in experiments using rhesus monkeys [7]. The pathogenesis is thought to be histotoxicanoxia in the vascular watershed region, which is a consequence of the direct inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formic acid [9]. Studies have shown higher cytochrome oxidase activity in the human optic nerve [11].…”

Case Report: Early Recognition, Treatment, and Occupational Safety Protection are Crucial for Methanol Toxicity

“…After a variable time, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and vertigo accompanied by shortness of breath may attack the victims. Visual impairment is one of the most common neurological symptoms ranging from small scotomas to permanent blindness ( 8 ). In the acute phase of poisoning, congestion, and inflammation of the optic disc might be observed.…”

Generation of Formates Following 20 kHz Sonication of DSPE-mPEG2000 PEGylated Phospholipid Micelles

“…The second concerns PEG degradation byproducts, such as formate, and the need to compare sonolytically generated formate levels to those reported in the literature that could elicit toxicity and/or a deleterious biological response. In the case of formate, this is a particular concern for ocular cells, such as those in the retina, optic nerve, and basal ganglia, which are quite sensitive due to their limited ability to metabolize it [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. For example, an investigation by Treichel, Burke, and co-workers using cultured mouse retinal photoreceptor (661 W) cells revealed cytotoxicity after 6 h of exposure to 30 mM sodium formate [ 74 ], a concentration ~13× higher than that in the 1 h probe-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples and roughly two orders of magnitude higher than that in 30 min bath-sonicated DSPE-mPEG2000 samples ( Table 1 ).…”

Ocular Features and Visual Outcome in Patients of Accidental Methanol Poisoning at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern India: A Case Series

“…Axoplasmic flow stagnation at the nerve head and alterations in the myelin sheath in the retrolaminar nerve segment were demonstrated in experiments using rhesus monkeys [7]. The pathogenesis is thought to be histotoxicanoxia in the vascular watershed region, which is a consequence of the direct inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formic acid [9]. Studies have shown higher cytochrome oxidase activity in the human optic nerve [11].…”

Case Report: Early Recognition, Treatment, and Occupational Safety Protection are Crucial for Methanol Toxicity

“…After a variable time, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and vertigo accompanied by shortness of breath may attack the victims. Visual impairment is one of the most common neurological symptoms ranging from small scotomas to permanent blindness ( 8 ). In the acute phase of poisoning, congestion, and inflammation of the optic disc might be observed.…”