Methods for the regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes

Abstract

Oxidoreductase is the largest class of enzymes and has broad applications in biotechnology since a number of bioconversions involve oxidation/reduction reactions. Coenzymes are always required in oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions, where nicotinamide coenzymes, NAD(P)H/NAD(P) + , are the most commonly used. They undergo reactions with substrates in biocatalytic processes by converting into their reductive or oxidative forms. The efficient and economical regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes is therefore of particular significance for industrial applications due to their high cost and large usage. The principal methods used for the regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes, including enzymatic, chemical, electrochemical and photochemical regeneration methods are surveyed with emphasis on the crucial issues and the state-of-art research relevant to each method. Screening and improving the performance of the enzymes, designing and implementing efficient regeneration routes as well as retaining/recycling coenzymes are the three key issues for the enzymatic method. Development of efficient catalysts with high selectivity is the top priority of the chemical regeneration method. For the electrochemical regeneration method, improvement of the electrode by modification of either the nano-materials or electron mediators is the major concern. The focus of the photochemical regeneration method lies in the exploitation of efficient visible-light photosensitizers.

Enhancement of the activity of enzyme immobilized on polydopamine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles by rational orientation of formate dehydrogenase

“…Since most of the known oxidoreductases require expensive cofactors (NAD(H) or NADP(H)) for their catalytic activity, many methods have been developed for in situ cofactor regeneration (Liu and Wang, 2007;Schrittwieser et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2013). NADdependent formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2) is one of the best candidates for the regeneration of NADH (Juan et al, 2006).…”

Photobiocatalytic chemistry of oxidoreductases using water as the electron donor

“…The latter themselves are rather costly necessitating an enzymatic regeneration system to allow for their use in catalytic quantities. Today, a broad range of such regeneration systems are available, in principle solving this cofactor challenge [10][11][12][13] . The resulting multienzyme cascades ( Fig.…”

Photobiokatalyse: Aktivierung von Redoxenzymen durch direkten oder indirekten Transfer photoinduzierter Elektronen

“…[1][2][3] Aktuelle Fortschritte im Bereich der synthetischen Biologie und der Bioverfahrenstechnik bieten praktikable Lçsungen, um die mit der Enzymkatalyse verbundenen Nachteile (wie beispielsweise eine eingeschränkte Substratbreite,b egrenzte Stabilitätu nd hohe Produktionskosten) zu überwinden. Diese Enzyme kçnnen auch zur Katalyse verschiedener synthetisch wertvoller Redoxreaktionen eingesetzt werden, wie beispielsweise in asymmetrischen Reduktionen von Carbonylgruppen, Oxygenierungen von C-H-Bindungen, Epoxidierungen von C=C-Bindungen und Bayer-Villiger-Oxidationen, [5][6][7] die in der Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen, Lebensmittelzusätzen und Brennstoffen ihre Anwendung finden. Diese Enzyme kçnnen auch zur Katalyse verschiedener synthetisch wertvoller Redoxreaktionen eingesetzt werden, wie beispielsweise in asymmetrischen Reduktionen von Carbonylgruppen, Oxygenierungen von C-H-Bindungen, Epoxidierungen von C=C-Bindungen und Bayer-Villiger-Oxidationen, [5][6][7] die in der Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen, Lebensmittelzusätzen und Brennstoffen ihre Anwendung finden.…”